gfe ••if' fU oJdle 3 Vo[. I . Sac wui,, 6»;?l2yrp.y2-V5; 3/Jt>0^m/. «' ? - ^ /& ^ ^ 4. Afffc - THE BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA: WILLIAM H. EDWARDS. PHILADELPHIA: THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1868 — 1872. TEXT REPRINTED BOSTON: HOUGHTON, OSGOOD AND COMPANY. 1879. There be Infects with little homes proaking out before their eyes, but weake and tender they be, and good for nothing; as the Butterflies. — Pliny ; Phil. Holland's T?-ans. Many Infects there be that breed after another fort ; and principally of dew, which fetleth upon the Radifh leafe. From it arifeth a little grub, and lo in process and tract of time it groweth bigger and gathereth an hard hufke about her. This is called Chryfalis ; and after fome time, when the hufke is broken, he proveth a faire flying Butterflie. — Ibid. PREFACE. On completing the present Volume, I have little to add, by way of Preface, to the Advertisement that accompanied the first Part. I have endeavored to make the work in some degree worthy the beautiful forms it represents, and to this end have been fortunate in the co-operation of an accurate artist and careful colorists. To Mr. E. T. Cresson, the late Corresponding Secretary of the American Entomo- logical Society, I am under obligation for his constant supervision in all depart- ments, and in the printing and publishing especially. From many lepidopterists whose names will be found mentioned, I have received kindly aid and generous use of specimens. It has been a delight to make known the charming loiterers of our mountains and forests and fields, the study of whose ways has long been to me a recreation and a constant pleasure such as naturalists only can appreciate and perhaps com- prehend. Works of this class, if faithfully executed, cannot be remunerative in a pecuniary sense, and the preparation of them must be strictly a labor of love. For this reason, it has been the more gratifying to have received from my subscribers frequent assurances of satisfaction as the several Parts have appeared, and expres- sions of approval and encouragement from entomologists and naturalists whose es- timation I highly value. This has chiefly determined me to continue publication, which I am the more willing to do, as many long known species of our but- terflies still remain unfigured and the number of new ones increases with surprising rapidity. Nearly one hundred have been brought to notice during the past twelve months, a large part of which are the results of one season’s intelligent col- lecting in Colorado, by Mr. Mead, and the total number catalogued in the Synopsis now exceeds five hundred. It is useless for illustration to attempt to keep pace with discovery in these circumstances, and in such a world as this continent af- fords, but some effort should be made lest the very wealth of species prove a hindrance to the study of this branch of natural history, for nothing is more per- plexing and discouraging to the beginner than dry, unillustrated descriptions. I hope therefore to commence Volume II in course of the next few months. W. H. EDWARDS. Coalburgh, on the Kanawha River, West Virginia, June 1, 1872. o fit L. Bowen, Col. Drawn ty Mary Peart. A JAX, VAR.WAL S HII, 1, 2 . 6 , 3 9 . 4. larvae 5 chrysalis. 6.var.Abbotii, ef. 1’oocL Plant, As invinxz triblba. ADVERTISEMENT. Since the publication of Boisduval and LeConte’s Lepidopteres de l’Amerique Septentrionale, 1833, in which the greater number of Butterflies of the United States were described and figured, mostly from the plates of Abbot, there have been added to our fauna, and to our knowledge, partly from the enlargement of the States and partly from the observations of later naturalists, almost or quite as many as were then known. California and the Pacific slope and the Bocky Mountains have proved exceedingly rich in species. The same is true of Texas and of the northern parts of the continent. And, wherever a lepidopterist has carefully collected in the old States, and in localities supposed to have been thoroughly worked, new species, many of them conspicuous for size and beauty, have been discovered. Many Californian species were described by Dr. Boisduval, in the Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, none of which have been figured, except two or three in Double- day’s Genera. Kirby described and figured a few of the Northern species in his Fauna Boreali Amer. in 1837, and many descriptions, with occasionally a plate, are scattered through scientific journals and Proceedings of Societies. Nearly all the early descriptions are defective in certainty, being too brief, or too carelessly written, to enable us to identify the species, often applying to two or more as well as one, and often being utterly irrecognisable. Having, from my first study of this beautiful family, felt the want of illustrations, I long ago proposed to myself to publish a complete work on the Butterflies of North America, when I should have amassed sufficient material and could command the leisure necessary to such an end. I have the material, but I have not the wished for leisure, and I am compelled at present to forego the more ambitious attempt. But to carry out, even to a moderate degree, my cherished desire, as well as to enable our lepidopte- rists to keep up somewhat with the advance of the study, I propose now to publish a sufficient number of new, or hitherto unfigured or disputed, species, to make at least a moderate volume, leaving it for the future to decide whether I will continue beyond that limit. One number, therefore, containing at least five plates, will be I ii issued every three months. Figures of both surfaces will be given, and of both sexes wherever possible. The pages will not be numbered, but, with the plates, will be so arranged that finally the species of each genus can be brought together. This plan admits any enlargement of the volume which, whenever concluded, will be complete in itself. By North America is to be understood all that j>art of the Continent north of Mexico, according to the division adopted by the Smithsonian Institution. The letter press will, in most cases, necessarily be confined to technical descrip- tions, but whenever it is possible, such a history of the species will be given as I have been able to gather from my own observations or from others. It is a matter of regret that, in so few instances, I shall be able to say any- thing of the larvae. Even among our old and common species, the larvae are but little more known than in the days of Abbot, seventy years ago. His observations seem to have been more thorough or more fortunate than those of any of his successors. With the second or third number a Synopsis of Species will be commenced, and will be concluded within the volume. Philadelphia, March, 1868. W. H. EDWARDS. r lA (

3.4-..S b. 6.9 COLIAS III. COLIAS EURYTHEME. 1—6. Colias Eurytheme , (Eu-ryth'-e-me), Boisduval. Ann. Ent. Soc. de Fr. 1852. Amphidusa, Boisd. ib. Edusa,V ar. Calfornica, Men^tries, Cat. Imp. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. Edusa? Boisd. and Lee. p. 61. Male. Expands 2 to 2.3 inches. Upper side uniform bright orange, with an opaline reflection ; costal and abdo- minal margins sulphur yellow ; base of primaries covered with black scales which extend a little way along inner margin ; base of secondaries covered in same man- ner as also part of cell and of lower median interspaces ; primaries have a large black sub-ovate discal spot ; marginal band broad, black, crossed at apex by yel- low nervules, the general direction of the inner edge, from submedian to disco-cen- tral, being parallel to the margin, sometimes crenulate and sometimes nearly straight, with a slight projection on the sub-median ; from the disco-central curving to cos- tal edge and diminishing to a point at about one-third the distance from apex ; on inner margin throwing out an acuminate branch, which is depressed on upper side and terminates nearly at the middle of margin. Secondaries have the border one-half the width of that of primaries, erose with- in, commencing half way between the costal and upper branch of sub-costal and ending at first branch of median ; a rounded deep orange discal spot, upon the an- terior edge of which is sometimes a dot of same color ; fringes yellow at base, rose- ate at extremity. Under side deep yellow, usually with an orange tinge upon disk of primaries ; costal margin of primaries and disk lightly powdered with fine black scales ; a sub-marginal transverse row of small black patches, the three lower distinct, others more or less obsolete ; three black dots in the sub-costo-apical interspaces near the edge ; discal spot black, oval, enclosing a streak which is yellow, or sometimes mar- garitaceous. Secondaries have a row of faint brown points parallel to margin, a small patch on costa ; a round discal margaritaceous spot, in a brown ring, about which is a second, paler and broader ; at insertion of median a small red spot ; costal edges and fringes of both wings roseate. Body above covered with greenish-yellow hairs, which, on the collar, are roseate at extremity ; abdomen black above, partly covered with yellow scales ; under side yellow ; legs pale roseate ; palpi yellow beneath, black above ; an- tennae and club pale roseate. COLIAS III, Female. Expands 2.5 inches. Upper side orange, less pure than in male, much obscured by black scales at base of primaries and over whole of secondaries ; often, however, the color is green- ish-yellow with a deep orange tint upon the disk and inner margin of primaries and a slight flush of same over secondaries ; primaries have the marginal border broad, dilated at apex, much advanced on costa, the inner edge not clearly defined, with two deep sinuses on the sub-median and upper median interspaces ; within the border a transverse, yellow, macular band, of which the spot in median inter- space is usually wanting ; discal spot large, nearly round. Secondaries have the border irregular, dilated at upper end and partly enclos- ing a yellow macular band ; discal spot and fringes as in male. Under side pale yellow, or greenish-yellow, (according to the jire valence of orange or greenish-yellow on upper side,) tinted with orange on disk of primaries ; the sub-marginal patches and points distinct ; discal spots as in male, that of pri- maries having the central spot conspicious. Variety A, ?. Color above and below greenish- white ; marked as in the type. Larva : mature, length 1.4 inch. Dorsal surface dark velvety green, finely plicated transversely. On either side a narrow white line on which are irregular patches of bright vermillion, some of which are occasionally shaded with orange yellow. Under side green. Chrysalis light green, with a stigmatal yellow line, above which is a brown point on each segment ; a sub-dorsal brown patch commencing at edge of wing cov- ers and occupying two or three segments. Length .95 inch. Egg greenish white, translucent, pointed at one end and truncated at the other, ribbed longitudinally with transverse striae between. Length, .086 inch, greatest width .009 inch. From notes by L. K. Hay hurst, Esq., Sedalia, Missouri, who succeeded in rais- ing the larvae from eggs deposited by a female in captivity. The larvae fed upon Trifolium repens (white clover) and T. reflexum (Buffalo grass) . The eggs hatched July 1st ; changed to pupae July 15th and the butterflies emerged July 24th. Mr. Hay hurst adds, “the larvae are scarcely different from those of C. Philodice , except in being larger and having the lateral spots of a brighter scarlet.” According to Dr. Behr, “the caterpillar is of a lively green with a brimstone colored stripe above the feet, and feeds upon a species of Hosackia, and probably other liguminous plants.” This species is- widely distributed over the western part of the Continent, both in the Mississippi valley and on the Pacific slope. Dr. Behr says “it is very common in California,” and it also is in the vicinity of New Orleans and in part of Texas. Very rarely specimens have been taken east of the Alle- ghanies. I have never met with it myself, either in New York, New Jersey or even COLIAS III. in West Virginia. Nor have I received it from Georgia, although large miscel- laneous collections have been sent me from that State. Mr. Reakirt has taken a single specimen at New Castle, Delaware. This is supposed to be the species form- erly mentioned by authors as Edusa, which it somewhat, but by no means closely, resembles. Boisduval & Leconte say of this Edusa, “ it is found in the Spring, but especially in the Autumn, in the fields in the vicinity of New York, less common than Philodice,” (a species which swarms in that region). Which of course is erroneous. The common and careless practice of pronouncing American insects identical with European has led to endless perplexity. No genus has suffered more in this respect than Colias, as the names Hyale, Palceno, Phicomone, JVastes, Edusa, and Chysotheme show. Excepting JVastes, which comes to us from Labra- dor, it is more than doubtful if one of these is American. It is difficult to say whether the present species is the one designated as Eury- theme by Dr. Boisduval or not, as his short and very general description would at- tach to almost any orange Colias whatever. But of late years this name has been so applied by American lepidopterists, the species I have separated as Keewaydin being regarded as a variety only. It is uncertain also what the brief mention of Amphidusa was intended to cover. This is described as “wholly like Edusa, having the border of the same form and breadth” only wanting the glandular space that characterises that species. Its lo- cality is given as the North of California, and we are told that it is “perhaps but a variety of the preceeding,” (Eurytheme.) No such form is known in any of the large Californian collections to which I have had access. ©©■MAS, ire Drawn "by MaryPeart. Bawen& C? ]ith. ThiL?' KEEAAZATD IN. 1 2.3. 3.4.?; 5.?. 6.3.7 5. 8.9.-?. COLIAS IV. COLIAS KEEWAYDIN, n. sp. 1—9. Male. Expands from 1.6 to 1.8 inches. Upper side sulphur yellow, the disk of both wings more or less tinted with orange, which occasionally has an opaline reflection ; on primaries the orange is deepest next base and on inner margin, towards hind margin insensibly passing into yellow ; on secondaries the tint is less deep, extends quite up to the marginal border but fades into yellow towards costal and abdominal margin ; base thickly powdered with black which extends a little way along inner margin of primaries, and, on secondaries, covers part of the cell and median interspaces ; discal spot of primaries black, sub-ovate, often much compressed, but sometimes almost circular ; marginal border black, of median width, crossed at apex and often throughout by yellow nervules ; regular on its inner edge, with a slight projection on sub-medi- an and an indentation below that nervure, not quite parallel to the margin in its general course, but approaching it somewhat near the disco-central ; beyond this, curving roundly towards costa and terminating (usually quite abruptly) on costal edge at about one-fourth distance from apex to base; on inner margin projecting a short, attenuated spur. Secondaries have the discal spot deep orange, occasionally with a small atten- dant spot on its anterior edge ; the marginal border narrowed, usually regular, but sometimes a little excavated between the nervules, commencing above the upper branch of sub-costal and ending acutely at or a little beyond the first branch of median ; fringes yellow, edged slightly without by roseate, more decidedly at apex of primaries. Under side uniform deep yellow ; costal edges and fringes roseate ; costal mar- gin of primaries and the whole of secondaries much sprinkled with fine black scales ; discal spot of primaries sub-ovate, sometimes triangular, black, with a dot or streak of yellow, or sometimes white, in the centre ; the sub-marginal row of brown spots faint, consisting of but a few scales and partly obsolete ; secondaries have a similar row of spots, a small elongated patch on costa and a roseate spot at inser- tion of median ; discal spot large, margaritaceous, in a narrow brown ring about which is a paler halo ; the attendant spot, if any, a dot in the centre of a similar ring. Body covered with yellow-grey hairs which are tipped with faint roseate on the collar ; abdomen black partly covered with yellow scales, beneath yellow ; tho- COLIAS 1Y. rax yellow ; legs roseate ; palpi yellow, dark on upper side, roseate at extremity ; antennae and club roseate. Variety A, Upper side pale yellow with a very slight tinge of orange on disk of primaries ; sometimes wholly without orange and then uniform lemon- yellow ; the marginal borders also yery pale. (Fig. 7.) Female. Expands 1.7 to 2.1 inches. Upper surface yellow, the secondaries having a greenish tint ; disk of prima- ries slightly tinted with orange ; primaries have the marginal border broad, more or less excavated between the nervules and enclosing a macular yellow band, usu- ally complete, although the spot in median interspace is often but faint ; discal spot large, black, circular or ovate, and sometimes enclosing a central spot. Secondaries have the border abbreviated posteriorly and dilated towards outer angle, there enclosing two or three yellow spots of a band which disappears in the ground color ; discal spot as in male. Under side greenish-yellow except at base and on disk of primaries which are deep yellow ; discal spot of primaries large with a central white or yellow spot. The usual type from California and Texas. Variety A, $. Upper side of primaries bright orange and of secondaries pale orange, both wings much obscured by black scales ; macular band yellow. From Illinois. (Fig. 5.) Variety B, ?. Color above greenish-white, the secondaries with a faint yel- low tint ; beneath secondaries and apex of primaries more decidedly yellow ; marked as in the type. From California and Texas. Larva unknown. Found in the valley of the Mississippi from Nebraska and Illinois to Texas and westward to the Pacific, occupying much the same region as Eurytheme, but apparently less common and more local than that species. Also occasionally found in the Middle States and Canada. My attention was first called to the differences between the two species passing under the name of Eurytheme by Dr. Behr, in 1865. In a letter then received from him, he says, “These are two good species but have hitherto been considered as one. I am certain either of the two is different from the European Chrysotheme (of which species Dr. Boisduval had considered Eurytheme as probably a variety.) “It is easy enough to characterise the males, but as to the females, I am often at a loss myself ; and at the same time the two species are easy to recognize when on the wing.” And again in 1868, “I will- send you a pair of each of the two Colias. The difference is about the same as between Edusa and Myrmidone whose repre- COLIAS IY. sentatives they are. The males are easy to recognize, but the females approach each other so much, that, in some of my specimens I am puzzled myself, especially when they are not quite fresh.” I have received (December 1868,) a very interesting series of specimens of both Eurytheme and Eeewaydin from Mr. Henry Edwards, of San Francisco, a careful and experienced observer, showing a much wider variation in Keewaydin than in the other, both in size and color. Some of the males are very small, scarcely one half the size of the best developed, and they vary in color from deep orange to lemon-yellow. Mr. Edwards writes, “I may notice that the flight of the new species is much more rapid and varied than that of Eurytheme — that the only variety which appears in the latter is in the case of the albino female, while the male of the new species is constantly subject to run into the lemon-yellow variety, which however, is rarely so well defined as in the specimen I send you. [Figured in plate.] There appear to be two broods during the year, the insect being most abundant early in the spring, in fact, before Eurytheme makes its appearance. It seems to be local and by no means widely distributed. I have chiefly found it at Alameda and along the eastern side of the Bay as far as the San Jose district, but it does not appear in San Mateo County, though Eurytheme is very common there. As it is always hovering over plants of Medicago, I presume the caterpillar feeds upon that, but nothing is known by me of either larva or chrysalis at present.” From Illinois and vicinity of New Orleans I have received these two species in about equal numbers, but of a large number sent me by Prof. Moore, from Ox- ford, Miss., all were Eurytheme . On the other hand specimens sent by Dr. Lince- cum, and taken in Washington Co., Texas, have been nearly or quite all of the other species. Of this collection about one-fourth the females were albino, and the others were quite distinct in size and color from the female of Eurytheme. But two fe- males sent from Illinois by Mr. Walsh do very closely approach that of Eurytheme, and justify the remark of Dr. Behr. (Fig. 5.) jETJn"YT) I CE . 1. 2. 5. 3. 4. ?. COLIAS Y. COLIAS EURYDICE. 1—4. Colias Eurydice, (Eu-ryd'-i-ce) Boisd. .Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1852. WosnesensM, M6n6tri6s, Catal. Acad. St. Petersburg, 1855. 9 . Rhodocera Lorquini , Boisd. Ann. Ent. Soc. France, 1854. Male. Expands 2.5 inches. Upper side of primaries dark fuscous on terminal half and on costal margin ; base thickly powdered with black scales and partly covered by long greyish hairs ; extra basal space violet pink with an opaline reflection, but changing to deep brown- ish yellow wrhen viewed obliquely, slightly specked next base and next costa by dark blue scales and cut by black nervures, deeply excavated at extremity of cell, moderately on submedian interspace, and projecting prominently along the upper median interspaces into the fuscous border; three pink streaks on costal edge near apex. Secondaries deep brownish yellow, clear yellow on costal and abdominal mar- gin ; immaculate, fringes roseate. Under side deep yellow, pale on inner margin of primaries ; costal edges pink ; edge of hind margin of primaries pink with deep ferruginous marginal points in the interspaces ; a submarginal common row of similar points, partly wanting on primaries ; two or three such points on costa of primaries and a small patch of fer- ruginous scales near outer angle of secondaries ; at base of secondaries a deep rose- ate streak on median nervure ; discal spot of primaries round, silvered, within a large black ring ; of secondaries large, round, silvered, within a broad ferruginous ring, on the anterior edge of which is a second ring enclosing a silver point. Body above covered with greyish yellow hairs, beneath yellow ; legs pink ; palpi yellow, pink at extremity ; antennae brownish pink. Female. Expands 2.3 inches. Upper side pale greenish yellow, more decided yellow on secondaries; immac- ulate, except the discal spot on primaries, which is round, pale brown. Under side of primaries yellow, of secondaries pale buff ; discal spots on both wings silver in faint pink rings. Lakva unknown. Found in California and Oregon. This lovely species was first made known by Dr. Boisduval who exhibited spec- imens of it and other Californian butterflies at a meeting of the Ent. Soc. France, COLIAS V. in 1854. The Report mentions, “C. Eurydice, the most beautiful of all known Co- liades, haying the size and form of Ccesonia, with much the same design; but in this brilliant species the yellow is replaced by a vivid orange and the fore wings have a violet reflection” and “ Rhodocera Lorquini, which has nearly the form of our Rhamni, with the hind wings a little less angular and a black spot upon the mid- dle of the fore wings.” The Lorquini has proved to be the female of Eurydice, connecting the genera of Colias and Gonepteryx (Rhodocera) in a remarkable manner. Mr. Henry Edwards writes me of this species. “This insect is too rare for us to make many observations upon it. It appears to be very local, its chief home being in Marin Co. about 25 or 30 miles from San Francisco. I have also heard of it near Sacramento and have occasionally seen it flying in the streets of this city (San Francisco) . It appears in May, the female being sometimes found as late as Au- gust. Its flight is very rapid and wild and it is exceedingly difficult to capture. I have seen it alight on the flowers of thistle, but only for a few moments and then away to some considerable distance. The collector who is fortunate enough to se- cure a good male has indeed a prize. The female is more common and is more readily captured. I have heard of certain years in which this species has been com- mon, so that, like many other butterflies, it may appear periodically in considera- ble numbers.” r EITVBSKD 911- 12 5. 3. 4. ? . 5: VAR. ? COLIAS VI. COLIAS EDWARDSII, (Behr in lit.). 1—5. Male. Expands 2.1 inches. Upper side bright lemon yellow, color of Alexandra ; base of wings slightly powdered with black scales ; primaries have a narrow, black, marginal band, the inner edge of which is nearly regular, extending a little way on costa, and on in- ner margin projecting a short attenuated spur ; this hand cut nearly to the fringe by the yellow nervules ; discal spot black, subovate ; costal edge and apical part of fringe roseate, at and above inner angle yellow. Secondaries have a narrow mar- ginal hand terminating at the lower branch of median, cut by the nervules, nearly regular within, there being only slight projections on the nervules ; discal spot wanting ; fringe yellow. Under side of primaries pale yellow, fading towards hind margin and still more on inner margin ; discal spot black with a few roseate scales in centre ; cos- tal margin slightly covered with black scales. Secondaries much covered with same scales, most densely at base and in middle of disk ; ground color very pale yellow ; at base of median a small roseate spot ; discal spot of medium size, marga- ritaceous, with rosy scales about its edge; fringes as above; costal edges of both wings roseate. Body above, lemon yellow, beneath inclining to whitish ; palpi whitish ; legs pale roseate; antennae roseate; club brown above, ochrey yellow beneath and at tip. Female. Expands 2.3 inches. Upper side same color as male ; hind margin of primaries has a broad, incom- plete border, represented at inner angle by a few scales only ; discal spot as in male, but with a few scales only in centre. Secondaries have a large, rounded, orange spot on disk, without ring ; beneath as in male, except that secondaries are more densely powdered with black, giving a grey shade to the wing ; discal spot larger, distinct, edged with roseate ; fringe of primaries, above and below, pale roseate, except at the inner angle of primaries ; costal edge of secondaries, and both hind and abdominal margins fringed with roseate. Variety A, ? Color much paler; primaries have a narrow border of sep- arated scales edging the whole margin, expanded on costa into a large patch ; discal spot of primaries pure black, of secondaries orange ; beneath as in the type. One male, two females, from the collection of Dr. Behr, taken near Virginia City, at high elevations, and named by Dr. Behr in honor of Henry Edwards, Esq., of San Francisco. This species belongs to the same group as Alexandra and Emilia. OeCIDUNTALIS. 1. 2 6 3. 4. ? 5. 2 Var. COLIAS VII. COLIAS OCCIDENTALIS. 1—5. Colias occidentalism Scudder. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1862. Male. Expands 2 inches. Upper side lemon yellow ; primaries have a broad, black marginal border, not cut by the nervules, erose within and nearly straight to the curve, advanced on costa to one-fourth the distance from apex to base, and on inner margin pro- jecting an unusually long, attenuated spur; discal spot con-colored, oval, in a pale black ring. Secondaries have the border broad and nearly even on the inner edge; discal spot large, round, orange; fringes roseate except at inner angle of pri- maries and outer of secondaries where they are yellow. Under side deep yellow ; costal edge of primaries and basal half of seconda- ries much irrorated with black ; primaries immaculate excepting the discal spot, which is yellow in oval black ring ; secondaries have an obsolete sub-marginal series of ferruginous patches, the middle ones only distinct ; a ferruginous patch on costa ; at base a roseate point ; discal spot large, round, silvery with a roseate tinge, within a brown ring that is much specked with roseate scales. Body above black covered with greenish hairs ; below yellow ; collar roseate ; legs roseate ; palpi yellow, roseate on upper side ; antennae dark brown above, paler below ; club brown. Female. Expands 2.4 inches. Upper side deeper colored inclining to orange on disk of secondaries ; the latter without marginal band ; that of primaries broad, faintly marked, consisting merely of patches of grey scales enclosing large yellow spots ; discal spot large, sub-ovate, black enclosing a yellow streak ; that of secondaries large, round, orange ; under side of primaries deep yellow on disk ; rest of wing, and all of secondaries pale ; discal spots as in male. Female. Variety A; upper side greenish white ; secondaries with a broad border enclosing whitish spots as on primaries. Taken on Mackenzies Biver and at the Gulf of Georgia, British Columbia. 3-oS? >7 (D#L®IJ^o winm. ! Drawn hy Mary Pe art. L» .B owen, lith. Phil?' SGUDDERII , lj. 2 ,8,3,4* ? . 5 ? , war. MEADII, 6,7, 4 . 8 ?. 9 , wing with gland. COLIAS VIII. COLIAS SCUDDEKII. Colias Scudderii, Reakirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1865. Male. — Expands 1.8 to 2 inches. Upper side greenish yellow; marginal borders broad, black, on primaries reg- ularly crenated within, or sometimes, very slightly erose, little advanced on costa projecting a short, attenuated spur on inner margin, and usually cut to the edge by- yellow nervules; discal spot of primaries small, black, sub-ovate, of secondaries pale yellow, corresponding in shape to the spot beneath; fringes roseate, yellow at inner angle of primaries and outer angle of secondaries. Under side dark greenish-yellow, the costa of primaries and whole of second- aries densely irrorated with fine black scales; discal spot of primaries small, black, subovate, with yellow streak, sometimes sub-triangular, a mere line about a yellow spot; of secondaries a silver spot, edged with roseate scales in narrow ferruginous ring, sometimes accompanied by a point of ferruginous, or a large spot with silver pupil; sometimes also a stout ray of ferruginous projects from the large spot to- wards hind margin; on costal edge of secondaries a few ferruginous scales and a bright pink spot at base; otherwise immaculate. Body above covered with yellow and grey hairs, beneath concolored; collar roseate, legs roseate; palpi yellow, grey in front; antennae roseate; club brown above, roseate below. Female. — Same size. Upper side pale yellow, much irrorated with black along costal margin and apex and hind margin of primaries, but showing no regular band or spot; discal spots as in male; under side still more densely irrorated except along hind margin of secondaries, the disk having a greyish-yellow shade. Yar. A. — Female. — Color pale greenish-white; the margin of primaries much irrorated at tips of nervules, and sometimes, small patches of scales at ori- gin of sub-costal nervules; under side white at base and on inner margin of pri- maries, yellow at apex and over whole of secondaries, this yellow space always densely irrorated. In both sexes there is much variation in size of dorsal spots on under side. CO LI AS VIII. Taken in abundance by Mr. Mead, in Colorado, in tbe upper Arkansas Valley and in tbe vicinity of Twin Lakes, during July 1871. The species seems to re- place C. Alexandra, which is more peculiar to the Platte Valley, although individ- uals of both species are to be found Jn either district. Four-fifths of the females of Scudderii, taken were albinos, while with Alexandra the albinos were exceedingly rare. The latter species was first observed by Mr. Mead on the 15th of June, near the South Park, at an elevation of about 9000 feet, and a few days later it was abundant at Turkey Creek Junction. Many eggs were obtained, deposited on a dwarf species of Lupinus. A young larva was also found. It was three-fourths inch in length, clear green, with a double, yellow-white dorsal stripe and a single lateral stripe of similar color, each stripe enclosing a broken roseate line. o COLIAS MEADII. Colias Mendii, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1871. Secondaries presenting a large sub-ovate, ochraceous, glandular space at base of subcostal nervure, as in Edusa. Male. — Expands 1.7 inch. Upper side fiery orange, of uniform shade quite to the marginal border and with an opaline reflection ; bases of wings densely irrorated with black ; abdominal margin of secondaries green and yellow similarly irrorated; the border of prima- ries very broad, black, erose within, not much advanced on costa and projecting but a short spur on inner margin ; that of secondaries nearly as broad, covering the whole margin ; discal spot of primaries merely indicated by a few black scales on a deeper orange ground; of secondaries deep orange; fringes roseate mixed with yellow. Under side of primaries yellow green on costal and hind margins, buff on disk; the anterior part of the wing much specked with black; discal spot yellow in black oval; secondaries yellow-green, though varying in depth of color in in- dividuals, and much obscured by black scales; discal spot silvery in a large ferruginous patch, sometimes accompanied by a second small spot; a roseate spot at base; otherwise immaculate. Body above black; collar roseate, thorax and abdomen green; legs pale roseate; palpi green, roseate in front and at tip; antennae roseate; club brown tipped with fulvous. Female. — Expands 1.9 inch. Primaries orange, sometimes as bright as in the male, but often duller colored; secondaries much irrorated with black, giving the whole wing a dull orange-grey shade; within the marginal borders a complete series of small yellow spots, not wholly enclosed on secondaries ; discal spot of primaries an orange streak in small black oval ; on the under side the green is of a bluish, often greyish tint. Taken in Colorado by Mr. T. L. Mead, in the month of July, 1871. Mr. Mead wrote from Twin Lakes, on 12th July, “On 8th, we left Fairplay in an open hack which carries the weekly mail for this section. The driver was a Yankee boy who obligingly delayed altogether more than an hour for me to catch specimens on the “divide.” This is the water-shed between the Platte and Arkansas valleys. Probably the pass is very nearly 12,000 feet above the sea. Above 11,000 feet an elegant species of Colias makes its appearance. It is fiery orange and the female also is very bright. I secured 12 specimens.” From Fair- play, 24th July, “ Last Saturday we rode out to Mt. Lincoln and made the ascent. I took 34 specimens of the fiery Colias.” He also took a single specimen at Kenosha House, a few days later. The species frequents the highest peaks and ranges, and none were obtained at a lower level than 10,000 feet above the sea. This Colias bears close resemblance to Hecla, but may be readily distin- guished by the glandular spot before spoken of (see Plate) , a character not found in Hecla , and so decisive that it is not necessary to point out minor points of difference. ~v*~° ^ AMS-'TM'MIO. I. Drawn ty MaryPe art . DIANA. 12. 9.3. 4. 6. Bowhm.,4 C° ARGYNNIS I. ARGYNNIS DIANA. 1—4. Argynnis Diana. % . Cramer, II. 4, pi. 98. Fab., Ent. Syst. III. 447. Say, Am. Ent. I. pi. 17. Boisduval and LeConte, p. 149. 9 • Edwards, Proe. Ent. Soc. Phil, iii, p. 431. (1864.) Male. Expands 3.3 inches. Upper side, from the hase to beyond middle of wings, dark Velvet-brown ; the outer limb deep orange, forming a wide hand, crenate within on primaries and cut by the brown shade along the nervures almost to the margin ; both wings edged by a brown line, which is preceded by a second, somewhat indistinct, but conspi- cuous at the crossing of the nervures, especially on primaries, where, at each cross- ing, is a patch of brown scales ; upon the orange band a double row of rounded brown spots, the outer one partly obsolete, the inner distinct and having the three lower spots much larger than the others. Under side of primaries, next hase, black, edged without by a zig-zag line similar to that of Cyhele and allied species, the interspaces next within this line of the color of the margin ; transverse patches of same color in the cell ; next the arc an irregular silver bar ; on the costa a few silver scales ; outer limb orange- brown ; the three largest spots of sub-marginal row reappear faintly. Secondaries have a silky gloss ; the basal two-thirds a dead-leaf brown ; outer limb same as on primaries, immaculate ; edging the brown space is an interrupted black line, more or less covered by silver scales and terminating, on each margin, in a triangular silver spot ; between the costal and sub-costal a silver crescent, edged anteriorly by black ; at the junction of same nervures a few silver scales ; on the arc an indistinct eyelet of darker brown ; within the margin a continuous hand of elongated silver crescents. Body above velvet brown, beneath same as secondaries ; legs and palpi same color; antennae dark brown above, ferruginous below; club dark brown tipped with ferruginous. Female. Expands nearly four inches. Upper side black, with blue or green reflections. Primaries have three trans- verse rows or spots ; the marginal small, rounded, white or bluish-white ; the sub- marginal elongated, rectangular, wanting two spots next the costa, bluish-white ; the median of irregular blue patches ; a blue patch on the costa ; the two lower spots of the suhmarginal and median united. Secondaries have a marginal row of bluish white bars between and reaching to the nervures, the three or four hinder ones broadest and bisected by a black line ; a broad submarginal metallic blue band, divided by the nervures into oblong ARGYNNIS I. spots, each of which, except the two extreme, enclosing a rounded black spot near its anterior edge. Fringes of both wings white, black at ends of nervures. Under side of primaries black, with a slight blue reflection ; apical border brown ; on the apex a white patch edged within by silver ; a marginal row of white crescents, nearly obsolete above, the lower ones preceded by a grey shadow and streak ; a median row of whitish spots corresponding to those of upper surface ; a large white patch on costa ; anterior to the median a row of spots, of which the lower is purple, the upper one green, much elongated ; in the cell three green spots, that next the arc slightly silvered ; between the other two a faint brown patch ; sil- ver scales on the costa. Secondaries have the basal two-thirds brown, varying in shade in different specimens, from blackish to dark red, and usually with a greenish-grey reflection ; this space edged without by a silvery line more or less complete, (but sometimes wholly wanting,) which terminates on the margins in triangular silver spots ; the silver crescent as in the male ; eyelet on the arc often silvered ; outer limb black- ish-brown, with green reflections ; hind margin edged by a narrow grey band, which is preceded by silver crescents as in the male. Body black above, red brown below, legs and palpi red brown ; antennae as in the male, but a shade darker. Specimens vary much, some having the spots of upper surface green instead of blue ; the variation in silvering below is extreme, from almost nothing to com- plete ornamentation. The larva is unknown. Until quite recently this butterfly has been almost unknown in Collections. Boisduval and LeConte say that they never saw it, and that their description, as well as that of Godart, and probably of Fabricius, were taken from the figure of Cramer. This figure of Cramer’s is much better than that of Say, which must have been made from a worn-out specimen, as his description also indicates. Say says he had taken the species in Georgia, Florida, Arkansas and Missouri. No mention is made of the female by any author, and it seems to have been unknown till its discovery by me in 1864, in Kanawha County, West Virginia. On the 20th August I saw, for the first time, a male, hovering about the flowers of the Iron-weed (Vernonia fasciculata),and succeeded in taking it. Two days afterwards, in same vicinity, while breaking my way through a dense thicket of same weed, hoping to find another Diana, I came suddenly upon a large black and blue butter- fly feeding so quietly as to allow me to stand near it some seconds and watch its motions. It seemed to be a new species of Limenitis, allied to Ursula, which it resembled in color. But on taking it, I saw it was a female Argynnis, and the general pattern of the under wing left little doubt of its affinity to Diana male, despite its total difference in color and of upper surface. Subsequent captures con- ARGYNNIS I. firmed this conjecture, and out of the large number that have since been taken the males have been of the known type and the females black, with no tendency in either to vary in the direction of the other. When my attention was called to the species, I found it not very uncommon, always upon or near the Iron weed, which is very abundant and grows in rank luxuriance upon the rich bottom lands of the Kanawha river, frequently reaching a height of eight to ten feet, and, in August, covered by heads of purple flowers that possess a remarkable attraction for most butterflies. Both sexes are conspicuous, the males from the strong contrast of color, and the females from their great size and the habit of alighting on the topmost flowers and resting with wings erect and motionless. It is an exceedingly alert and wary species, differing in this from our other Argynnides. At the slightest alarm it will fly high into the woods, near which, upon the narrow bottoms or river slopes it is invariably found. It is a true southern species, sensitive to cold, not to be looked for in the cooler part of the morn- ing, but flying down from the forest when the sun is well up. From eleven to three o’clock is its feeding time. Altogether, nearly 50 of both sexes were taken in 1864, between the 20th and 30th August, the males all worn and corresponding with Say’s figure, the females in large proportion fresh from chrysalis. In 1865 nearly one hundred were taken in same locality with like results. In the two years following they were extremely rare. On the 4th July, 1867, a perfect male, very different in shades of color from the poor specimens hitherto seen, was taken, and two others were seen shortly after, but in the absence of flowering plants it was impossible to approach these last. In July, 1866, Mr. James Ridings, while on an entomological excursion in Georgia, captured three perfect males near Atlanta, from one of which our figure was drawn. These were all by the road side in the sandy, flowerless pine forest, and had alighted on logs or tree trunks. No females were seen by Mr. Ridings. We may be sure, therefore, that the males emerge early in July and are in flight till last of August, and the females from early in August till last of Septem- ber. And that the range of the species is from Georgia to the lower part of West Virginia, but how far west we have no knowledge, except from Say’s mention of Arkansas and Missouri. It probably may be found along New River (as the up- per part of the Kanawha is called) which flows from the mountains of North Caro- lina, and offers a channel by which many southern species of butterflies, and insects of other orders, find their way to the warm valley of the Kanawha. The contrast between the sexes in the present species has no parallel among North American butterflies. In the instance of Papilio Turnus there are females of two colors, one of which resembles the male in color and markings, and the other (Glaucus) , while differing in color, retains the markings. And in Turnus there are many cases where the two colors are mingled in the same individual, giving them a .ARGYNNIS I. brown or a mottled appearance. I have a curious example of this last, taken on the Kanawha, where the whole surface is mottled, sometimes yellow prevailing, sometimes black. But in Diana the sexes are absolutely separated in color, and, on the upper surface, as widely separated in markings. On part of the lower surface there is a resemblance, but any other two species of Argynnis that may be selected are nearer each other than are the two sexes of Diana. In the Sixth Edition of Ly ell’s Elements of Geology, figure 179, is repre- sented a fossil butterfly (reproduced below) from the miocene beds of Croatia, taken from Heer’s Insektenfauna der Tertise, Ac., which bears a singular resemblance to Diana male. It is called Vanessa Pluto in the text, but is plainly an Argynnis. Even the colors of the insect were partially preserved. Heer himself calls attention to the resemblance to Diana, though he inclines to think it still more resembles Va- nessa Hedonia, Cramer, an Indian species. He says, “among butterflies of a simi- lar coloration may be mentioned A. Diana, Cramer. This butterfly is black (dark brown?) and is furnished on the outer bor- der with a row of yellow spots divided by the nervures. These yellow spots reach to the border and each one has two black dots. Diana is decidedly larger. In size and coloration the fossil agrees better with Hedonia, yet this point cannot be decided with certainty until a specimen is found with the outer border completely pre- served.” With the Pluto are found Dragon-flies “with speckled wings, like those of the Southern States of North America.” Lyell, page 245. And on page 256, “the insect fauna of the age of the beds of Oeningen, (miocene,) like the plants, are of a recent American type.” Variations in size are of little moment in comparing species, as every species furnishes individuals both much larger and much smaller than the average. Form and markings are essential, and coloration in a less degree. In the present case, taken in connection with the character of the fauna, I am apt to believe that our superb Diana comes of a venerable antiquity, and is entitled to rank as the head of this large and beautiful family. Pv/ AM CIF MSfS n. 73owm*6G? Wu& aaJMZa&ft CTBELE. 1.2. ¥.3. 4. 6. ARGYNNIS II. ARGYNNIS CYBELE. 1—4. Argynnis Cybele (Cyb'-e-le), Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Ill, 445. Grodart, Enc. Meth. IX, 263. Boisduval and LeConte, 151. Daplmisl Cramer, plate 57. Primaries broad, strongly arched, slightly concave on hind margin. Male. Expands 3 inches. Upper side fulvous, inclining to luteous, brown at base ; whole surface marked and spotted with black ; primaries edged by a narrow line, preceded by a second, heavier and parallel, upon which rests a series of connected lunules, each enclosing a rounded fulvous spot; the clear fulvous space between the lines cut into spots by the black nervules; beyond the lunules a row of large round spots, a bar on costa, and a heavy zig-zag median band; outside the cell a spot shaped like the letter P inverted, inclosing a fulvous space; three sinuous bars across the cell. Secondaries have the submarginal line only, and a series of detached uncon- nected crescents; a row of small rounded spots and a median band of irregular spots, crescent or rectangular, almost obsolete on the abdominal margin but expand- ing largely near costa in the direction of the base; on the arc a spot like the let- ter S; nervures black only from the submarginal line to edge;' fringes yellowish at the emarginations, black at tips of nervules. Under side of primaries pale yellowish-brown, the apical space yellowish and enclosing a bright brown patch on costal margin; the hind margin has a broad border of same color, except at the extremities, where it is yellowish; resting on the border next inner angle are three lanceolate black spots, beyond these, to apex, five others, brown; all enclosing yellowish spaces, those next apex slightly, if at all, sprinkled with silver scales ; on the patch are three silver spots ; the black markings of upper surface repeated. Secondaries have the basal two-thirds red-brown, more or less mottled with yellow; hind margin brown, fading into yellow near anal angle; the space between the two outer rows of silver spots bright yellow and immaculate, making a conspi- cuous band, characteristic of the species; the silver spots are twenty-four or twenty- five in number, viz : seven large dentate upon the border, all edged above with brown; a second row of eight irregular, the eighth, a stripe on the margin, often wanting ; a third row of five or six, the first Emulate, the second minute, the third minute, often wanting, the fourth pyriform, cut by the arc, the fifth and sixth streaks ; next two round spots in the cell, a third below the median and two at the junction of the nervures above; the shoulder broadly silvered; abdominal margin 1 ightly ; all these spots, except the marginal row, the last on third row and the two ARGY.NNIS II. next base, are edged with black above ; the three round spots near base circled with black. Body above color of base, below light buff ; legs and palpi still lighter ; anten- nae fulvous above, ferruginous below ; club black, ferruginous at tip. Female. Expands 3.5 inches. Luteous ; the base more obscure, often almost black, spots and lines heavier. Under side duller colored ; the band on secondaries broad and immaculate. The two species, Cybele and Aphrodite, have generally been confounded by au- thors and collectors. Boisduval and LeConte say, “it appears to us without doubt that P. Aphrodite of Fabricius is the same as his Cybele, only we believe that he has described the male from nature under the name of Aphrodite, and the female under the name of Cybele from the figure of Cramer.” The figure in Boisduval and LeConte is that of Cybele female. The Daphnis of Cramer represents neither Cybele nor Aphrodite. The fore wings are too narrow and pointed for either. The color and markings of upper surface are nearest Aphrodite ; the under side of hind wings is also nearest Aphro- dite in the basal color, but it has the immaculate yellow band of Cybele. Godart says “ Cybele has the outer row of silver spots separated from the next by a pale transverse sinuous band, broad in the female, very narrow in the male;” of Aphrodite, “that it has a yellow band posteriorly,” thus confusing the two spe- cies and the sexes of one ; inasmuch as Cybele in both sexes has a broad yellow band, and Aphrodite a narrow one, usually so encroached on by the basal color as not improperly to be called a “sinuous” band, but if anything, broad in the male, narrow in the female. Godart adds, “we find it (Aphrodite) very similar to Cy- bele.” In Harris’ Insects of Mass. 2d ed. 1862, Aphrodite is described as being “tawny yellow in the males, ochre yellow in the females,” which applies pretty well to Cybele, but not at all to Aphrodite. The figure given is Aphrodite female. Cybele is not mentioned by Dr. Harris as found in New England. In Westwood and Humphrey’s British Butterflies is a general description and a figure of what is called an Aphrodite, an American insect, on one occasion taken in England. It is certainly not to be recognised as Aphrodite or any other Ame- rican species. The text says, “there are several very closely allied American spe- cies including the present, if indeed they are not merely varieties of each other.” Kirby (Fauna Bor.) describes Aphrodite at length, and his description is copied in Morris, (Syn. Lep. N. Am.) He gives Aphrodite as synonymous with Cybele. I have followed this description carefully, with specimens of both in hand, and am unable to determine which he describes. He says, “primary wings ‘tawny orange ’ — at the posterior margin is a deep orange band edged with black ARGYNN1S 11. Gy “beneath, at the external angle are five silver marginal triangles surmounted with black;” secondaries underneath “have a pale tawny marginal band, a marginal series of seven triangular spots edged with black” None of these characters belong to Aphrodite, and unless it be the color — “tawny orange” “and the tawny marginal band” — none belong to Cybele. Mr. A. Id. Grote, who spent several months the past year (1867) in examin- ing the principal entomological collections of Europe, informs me that in none of them are these two species separated, sometimes being labeled by one name, some- times by the other. The description of Cybele by Fabricius is as follows : — “Alis dentatis fulvis nigro maculatis: subtus maculis 34 argenteis. Papilio Daphnis. Cram. Ins. 5, tab. 57, fig. E. F. Habitat in America. Statura praecedentium [i. e. Aglaja, Aphrodite,‘&c.]. Alae omnes dentatae, luteae, nigro maculatae. Subtus puncta octo in alis anticis et 2G iu posticis argentea. Fascia flavain alis posticis ante marginem.” This description is correct in the essential particulars, color luteous, second- aries with a yellow band. The exact number of silver spots is immaterial, as in both species they vary. . The description of Aphrodite is as follows : — “Alis dentatis fulvis nigro maculatis : posticis subtus fuscis : maculis 24 argenteis. Habitat in America meridionali. Medius. Antennae ferrugineae clava nigra, apice ferruginea. Alae supra fulvae, nigro maculatae. Subtus anticae fulvae, nigro maculatae punctisque quatuor apicis argenteis. Posticae fuscae fascia apicis fiavescente maculisque 24 argenteis.” Color fulvous ; fore wing beneath fulvous; hind wings beneath fuscous, that is, black and red. This description applies particularly to Aphrodite female. I therefore present, for the first time, descriptions and figures of the males and females of both species. Cybele is the larger, and the difference in color between the sexes is much less than in Aphrodite. In the latter the male is much smaller in proportion to the female, is brighter colored than Cybele, and has very little brown at base of wings. The black markings are noticeably more delicate, the marginal lines on primaries nearer together, more or less excluding the fulvous spots which, in Cybele, are distinct along the whole margin. The margin of secondaries also has an edge line like the primaries ; the median band is formed of small crescents, separated by wide spaces and obsolete on costal margin ; and there is no black space between the costal and subcostal as in Cybele. On the un- der side the silver marginal and costal spots are decided, while in Cybele they are usually wanting, or indicated by a few scales only ; the basal color of secondaries is cinnamon-brown, and the band is more or less encroached on by the ground color ; the pyriform spot of third row is cut by the arc as in Cybele, but the smaller ARGYNNIS II. spot thus made is edged above with black and is in effect a distinct spot. Com- paring the females, Cybele is luteous, very dark at base, heavily marked with black. Aphrodite is suffused with a rich red tint that seems as if in the very tex- ture of the wing, and that makes living specimens conspicuous ; the under side of primaries is red fulvous, of secondaries deep ferruginous, and the band is almost wholly crowded out. I have taken scores of individuals of both species, in many localities and for many seasons, and there is no mistaking either at first glance. Cybele is found in the lowlands of New York, and in New Jersey, Pennsyl- vania and Virginia and westward to Illinois. How much farther south I am un- able to say, but have not received it in collections from Georgia, Florida or Louis- iana, nor from beyond the Mississippi River. In West Virginia, on the Kanawha River, it is abundant in June and September, frequenting gardens and clover fields in June, and later, the Iron weed, in company with innumerable Papilios, Vanes- sas and Hesperians, and occasionally an Aphrodite or Diana. Of the larvae nothing is known, as is unfortunately the case with the larvae of a large proportion of our butterflies. Probably, like the European species of this family, it feeds upon the wild violet. o_c>c:<^ ARGYNNIS III. ARGYNNIS APHRODITE. 1—4. Argynnis Aphrodite (Aph-ro-dl-te), Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Ill, 443. Cybele P Godart, Ent. Metb. IX, 264. Kirby, Faun. Bor. IV, 290. Harris, Ins. Mass. 1862, 285. Primaries broad, strongly arched, slightly concave on hind margin. Male. Expands 2 to 2.2 inches. Upper side bright red fulvous, slightly obscure at base, marked and spotted with black; primaries edged by a double marginal line, enclosing between the ner- vules fulvous streaks next inner angle and points at apex ; other markings as in Cybele, but more delicate. Secondaries have also a double marginal line more separated than on prima- ries and enclosing a clear fulvous space, the submarginal at the intersections ex- panding into spots that extend a little distance upon the nervule ; the marginal crescents as in Cybele, but reduced ; the rounded spots minute ; the median row consists of small, widely separated crescents ; the mark on the ark like the letter S ; fringes buff at the emarginations, black at tips of nervules. Under side of primaries reddish next base and on inner margin, buff towards apex, with brown apical patch and hind margin ; on the patch two or three silver spots ; the border edged by lanceolate spots, the lower two black, the other' six brown, enclosing silver spaces. Secondaries have the basal two-thirds cinnamon brown, which color so en- croaches on the buff space that is between the two outer rows of silver spots, espe- cially at the extremities, that it does not present a pure band, as in Cybele ; hind margin same brown as on primaries ; on this rests a series of seven silver spots, the two next apex nearly oval, the rest dentate ; the second row consists of seven elongate or pyriform ; the third of six, the first crescent, second minute, third often wanting, fourth pyriform, cut by the arc into two, the lower as well as the upper edged above with black ; fifth crescent, sixth minute ; within the cell one, some- times two round spots ; an oval below the median and two patches at base ; all edged with black above, except the outer row, which is edged with brown, and the two basal patches ; shoulder and abdominal margin heavily silvered. Body above color of base, beneath buff, legs and palpi brown ; antennae ful- vous above, pale below ; club black ferruginous at tip. Female. Expands 2.6 inches. Less fulvous than the male, the outer limb inclining to luteous ; suffused on the basal half with a fiery tint, very noticeable in fresh specimens ; hind margin of primaries has a heavy black border enclosing fulvous streaks and points ; base ARGYNNIS III. and inner margin reddish ; secondaries beneath nearly covered with dense ferrugi- nous almost obliterating the hand. This species has usually been confounded with Cybele. For a full comparison of the two see the preceding paper. Aphrodite is common throughout the southern and less elevated parts of New England and of Canada, hut also of the mountainous parts of southern New York and of Pennsylvania, and is occasionally found in West Virginia and as far west as Illinois. Mr. Scudder, in his List of Butterflies of New England, says it is not found among the White Mountains, where it is replaced by Atlantis. In the Cats- kill Mountains, of New York, it is a very common species, hut not to the exclu- sion of Atlantis, which also is tolerably abundant. The males are first seen in that region from the 1st to 10th of July and the females about the 15th, flying through the open woods and upon the still uncut meadows. In the sunlight the red tint, especially of the females, is intense. Something of this is lost in cabinet specimens, but it is always sufficiently preserved to show a strong contrast to Cy- bele. In the Northern States Aphrodite produces but a single brood. In West Virginia, upon the Kanawha River, there are two, in June and September. These southern specimens are less brightly colored. I have never seen the larvae, but am informed by Mr. D. W. Beadle, of St. Catherines, Canada, that “ they feed upon all kinds of wild violet, that they feed at night, but lie concealed during the day beneath chips or stones on the ground. In appearance they much resemble the larvae of V. Antiopa, and are found early in July.” aos^g- L .Bowen, Col . Drawn \>y Mary Peart NOKOMIS. 1. 2.6, 3.4.9 ARGYNNIS IV. ARGYNNIS NOKOMIS. Argynnis Nofcomis (No-ko'-mis), Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1862. Primaries broad, strongly arched, slightly concave on hind margin. Male. — Expands 3.4 inches. Upper side uniform fiery fulvous, very little dusky at base; hind margins edged by two parallel black lines, the outer one delicate, the other heavy, the ful- vous spaces between cut into spots by the black nervules; both wings inscribed and spotted with black, more coarsely than in Aphrodite; the rounded spots small; the clear fulvous extra discal space notably broad ; the submarginal spots on primaries lunular at apex, otherwise serrate; on secondaries lunular, separated from each other and from the marginal lines; the mesial band of secondaries formed of sepa- rate crescents; the spot on arc like the letter 8. Under side of primaries bright red at base and on disk, changing to fulvous on outer limb and quite to hind margin ; apical portion golden yellow, the anterior six submarginal spots well silvered; four silvered subapical spots, the upper two minute, each on an olivaceous ground, posteriorly edged by black scales. Secondaries uniform golden yellow from base to margin ; the silver spots con- spicuous, the outer row entirely surrounded by black, and all the others heavily edged anteriorly by black; the seven spots of outer row narrow, elongated except the two at outer angle, which are broad and rounded ; of the eight spots of second row, the first three from costa and fifth and sixth rounded, the fourth small, seventh lanceolate, the eighth a dash on the margin; the third row of three, large and ir- regular; in cell a round spot in black ring, an oval below, and two spots without edging at origin of upper nervures; costa and abdominal margin lightly silvered. Body above fulvous, below buff slightly tinted with fulvous; legs buff; palpi buff, deep fulvous at tip; antennae dark brown above, fulvous below; club brown tipped with fulvous. Female. — Expands 3.6 inches. Upper side dark chocolate brown, the black markings indistinctly shown; the disks spotted with bright yellow, which takes the form of a common band of spots separated by the black nervules, and very much resembling in shape and distribu- tion the blue spots on Diana female, enclosing in same way as in that species the rounded extra discal black spots; these elongated spots are sometimes tinted slightly with fulvous, especially on primaries, and are much and irregularly irrorated AYith ARGYNNIS IV. black scales; tlie submarginal lunules are yellow and the spaces between the mar- ginal lines partially so, giving the effect of a double row of marginal spots on sec- ondaries; in the cell of primaries two transverse yellow stripes and nearer base a stripe composed of greenish scales; under side similar to male except that the yel- low is more decided and not golden and the margins of both wings as well as the apical portion of primaries much irrorated with black; the suhapical silver spots are also on a black ground; secondaries have the basal portion much obscured by a greenish-brown tint, and much irrorated with black, the belt between the two outer rows of silver spots being clear yellow and immaculate. From 5(?, 2?, brought from Arizona by the Exploring Expedition under Lieut. Wheeler, in 1871, but with no further intimation of their locality. The original specimen from which the description of the species was drawn was received by me in 1862, through the Smithsonian, and was labelled “Bitter Boot Mountains.” Until the present year (18721 it has been an unique in my collection and, so far as I know, not found in any other. But the species is so superb an one that I have not hesitated to redraw the plate. It is allied to Leto in many respects, in the general appearance of the upper side of the male, and in the colors of the female. But in the shape of the spots the female bears a curious resemblance to Diana. I regret that I am able to add nothing of its history. Or ; IT. -ATLANTIS'. 12.5.3,$. Bowto 7/<$ C? Zvtfh. & coZ.ThH.adf1, ARGYNNIS V. ARGYNNIS ATLANTIS. 1—3. Argynnis Atlantis. Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1862. - Primaries long and narrow, moderately arched ; hind margin slightly convex. Male. Expands from 1.75 to 2.25 inches. Upper side fulvous, obscure at base ; both wings have broad black hind mar- gins which enclose more or less fulvous between the nervules of secondaries, and at inner angle of primaries ; the marginal spots either lunular or serrate, often confluent on secondaries as on primaries, and resting on the border ; the spots of median row on secondaries narrow and confluent, forming an angular band, in this respect differing from the other Atlantic species ; the other markings as in Aphro- dite ; fringes yellowish, black at tips of nervules. Under side of primaries reddish, costa and apex light buff with brown apical patch and hind margin ; upon the patch two silver spots ; on the margin eight ser- rate spots, the upper six brown enclosing silver triangles, the two lower black. Secondaries dark red brown, much mottled with greenish grey or with drab ; the band between the two outer row of spots pale yellow, usually pure from mar- gin to margin ; upon the border a series of seven triangular silver spots edged be- low with black and above by a few black scales preceded by brown lunules ; the second row consists of seven rounded or oval spots, each projecting a brown shadow upon the band ; the third row of six spots, of which the fourth is cut into two by the arc and the smaller spot edged above with black ; two round spots in the cell, a third, long oval at origin of median and two at base of upper nervures ; all ex- cept the last edged above with black ; the round spots and oval wholly ; shoulder and abdominal margin broadly silvered. Body above color of base of wings ; beneath, abdomen yellowish, thorax grey ; palpi reddish grey ; antennae fulvous ; club black, tipped with ferruginous. Female. Expands from 2.25 to 2.75 inches. Color inclining to luteous ; the black margins very heavy. Atlantis is readily distinguished from Aphrodite by its smaller size, duller color, broad black margins, confluent median band of secondaries and color of same wings below ; also by the longer and narrower fore wings. It is found in the mountainous districts of New York and in British America at least as far north as Rupert’s House, Hudson’s Bay, and Lake Winnipeg. Among the Catskill mountains of New York it is not uncommon in certain localities, such as narrow passes through the mountains and in the grass fields, which in those places often ARGYNNIS Y. ^j\o skirt the forest. But it is rarely to he seen in the open country, where Aphrodite abounds. The males appear, in the Catskills, early in June, two or three weeks before Aphrodite. They may he seen in company with Limenitis Arthemis and L. Proserpina, alighted in small clusters among the damp leaves by the road side or upon offal of any description. All these species are attracted by any decaying animal matter, and a piece of meat or a dead bird or snake has irresistible charms for them. Mr. Scudder, in the List of Butterflies of New England, mentions that Atlantis is common in the valleys about the White Mountains the last of July and early in August, which is a month and more later than they appear in the Cats- kills. The northern specimens are diminutive in size. According to Mr. Scud- der, Aphrodite is not found among the White Mountains. The three species, At- lantis, Aphrodite and Cybele occupy severally northern, middle and southern belts of the Atlantic slope. Of the other two large Atlantic species, Diana strictly be- longs to a belt still more southern than Cybele. Idalia alone is very generally distributed, though nowhere common, being found occasionally from Maine to Georgia, east of the Alleghenies. The larvae of Atlantis I am unacquainted with, but I am informed by Mr. Scudder that the late Mr. C. H. Shurtleflf found both larvae and pupae at Eastport, Maine. He seems to have left no memoranda respecting them but the following, taken from his Journal ; “ they suspend themselves by the tail to rails, boards or logs lying on the ground.” AMtB-lTKMSSo VTL Drawn T^y- Mary Peart. Bowen & C° ]i£h.. Phil®- CALLIPPE.. 1.2. 6.3.4. ?. ARGYNNIS VI. »? jLa. (d-A-wiA') AKGYNNIS CALLIPPE. 1—4. Argynnis Callippc, (Cal-lip'-pe) Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 2 ser. x. p. 302. 1852. Primaries long, narrow, moderately arched, slightly concave on hind margin. Male. Expands 2.3 inches. Upper side dull fulvous, very much obscured, the nervules being broadly edged with black, and inner angles of both wings and three-fourths the surface of second- aries, of same color ; hind margins black, with heavy, confluent dentations ; the discal interspaces of primaries and marginal spots of both wings of a paler fulvous than the ground color, and on secondaries an extra median row of still lighter spots, corresponding to the silver spots of lower surface, each starting from the black median band (which is confluent) and terminating in one of the rounded black spots ; other markings of both wings as in the allied species ; fringes yellowish, black at tips of nervules. Under side of primaries fulvous at base and along the lower nervures and their branches ; costa, outer half of cell and interspaces on the disk clear yellow ; the outer limb mixed or mottled with fulvous ; the submarginal serrations black- ish next inner angle and almost wanting above, enclosing triangular spots more or less silvered ; two silver spots on subapical patch. Secondaries yellow, the basal two-thirds more or less mottled with reddish- brown of a darker shade than that of primaries ; the band between the outer rows of spots clear yellow, immaculate ; the silver spots are 23 or 24 in number, viz : the marginal row of seven, large, triangular, all edged above with brown ; the second of eight, the first and fifth obovate, second and third long oval, fourth minute, sixth long and rectangular, seventh and eighth irregular, all edged slightly above with black ; the third row of four or five, the first large, semi-oval, second often wanting, third pyriform, cut by the arc, fifth a streak, the first, third and fourth edged above with black ; in the cell one or two small rounded spots, a third, long oval, at base of median, these wholly edged with black ; a silver patch at base of costal; shoulder and abdominal margin silvered. Body above dark fulvous, beneath, yellow on abdomen, greyish-yellow on thorax ; palpi grey fulvous ; antennse fulvous ; club black, ferruginous at tip. Female. Expands nearly three inches. Color paler, fading to whitish on the disk and in the extra median and mar- ginal spots of secondaries ; the black markings heavier than in the male ; under side paler, but similar to male. ARGYNNIS VI. From California. The most common or only species of Argynnis found in vicinity of San Francisco, according to Dr. Behr, who adds “it seems pretty uni- versally distributed throughout our State. There exists but one generation, and the imago is found in June.” Of the larva I can obtain no information. It is difficult to determine this species from the diagnosis of Dr. Boisduval, which possibly includes at least two species, the other being Odronis, Behr. Dr. Boisduval does not notice the dark coloration of upper surface or the con- spicuous pale spots of secondaries. But the present is the species designated by the name in our collections, and is so recognized by Dr. Behr in his paper on the Argvnnides of California, Ann. Acad. Nat. Sci. Calif. 1862. Drawn "by Mary Peart. Bowen & C° lith. Phi0- HE SFERIS. 1.2. 6.3. ?. ARGYNNIS VII. ARGYNNIS HESPERIS. 1—3. Argynnis Hesperis, (Hes'-pe-ris) Edwards, S , Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, ii, p. 502. 1864. Primaries long, narrow, moderately arched, hind margin slightly convex. Male. Expands 2.3 inches. Upper side deep fulvous, obscure at base ; primaries have a narrow black hind margin ; the submarginal spots serrate and confluent. Secondaries bordered by two fine parallel lines on which the spots are serrate, sometimes dentate ; the median spots form a narrow, confluent band, as in Atlan- tis ; other markings of both wings as in that species ; fringe yellowish, black at tips of nervules. Under side of primaries pale fulvous inclining to luteous ; the apex, upper part of margin, apical patch and upper serrations ferruginous ; the spots within the latter buff ; lower serrations blackish enclosing fulvous spots ; the spots on patch buff as also are the apical interspaces. Secondaries deep ferruginous, excepting the space between the two outer rows of spots, which is buff, and immaculate ; (but occasionally this space is encroached on by the basal color, as in Aphrodite ;) the spots are 23 or 24 in number, viz : the mar- ginal row of seven, triangular, edged above with ferruginous ; the second row of eight, mostly narrow and elongated ; the eighth, on inner margin, lunular and in- complete ; all but the eighth projecting a ferruginous shadow on the buff belt and all edged above with black ; the third row of four or five, the first lunular, second minute or wanting, third semi-oval, cut into two by the arc, the lower part edged above with black, the fourth and fifth streaks ; all these are edged above with black ; within the cell one or two small round spots ; an oval at base of median ; these last wholly edged with black; a patch at base of costal; shoulder and abdo- minal margin greyish ; all the spots are buff, some of them occasionally sprinkled with a few scales of silver. Body above color of base ; beneath greyish ; palpi reddish-grey ; antennae ful- vous, club black tipped with ferruginous. Female. Expands 2.4 inches. Paler colored, but otherwise similar to the male. Found in Colorado, and first taken by Mr. James Ridings in 1864. It seems to be not uncommon in that region. AM (KOOO S Drawn "by Mary Pe art . Bowen & C MONTICOLA. 1.2, 6.3.4 9. ARGYNNIS VIII. AKGYNNIS MONTICOLA. 1—4. Argynnis Monticola, Behr, Proc. CaL Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862, p. 172. and 1863, p. 84. Zerene, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852, p. 303. Primaries broad, moderately arcbed, slightly concave on hind margin. Male. Expands 2.6 inches. Upper side bright fulvous, marked and spotted with black as in allied species ; both wings edged by a double line which encloses fulvous spaces between the nervules ; the submarginal spots are lunular on secondaries and lunular or dentate on primaries, connected with each other and with the marginal lines ; the rounded spots on outer limb unusually large, except the fourth on secondaries and the four upper ones on primaries, which are minute ; the median band on primaries heavy, the separate spots of which it is composed much diffused ; that of secondaries heavy and confluent ; the cellular spot of secondaries like the letter S, but varies much, being sometimes very open, and sometimes compressed into a round spot; fringes yellowish at the emarginations. Under side of primaries bright red-fulvous over the whole base, disk and in- ner margin ; costal and apical portions buff with a violet tinge next the hind mar- gin ; this margin and the apical patch brown ; same markings as on upper surface ; the submarginal spots blackish next inner angle, brown towards apex, enclosing severally fulvous or buff spaces ; on the patch buff spots. Secondaries violet brown more or less mottled with clear brown ; between the two outer rows of spots a belt of rather paler shade than the ground color, much encroached on by the brown shadows projected by both rows of spots ; hind mar- gin brown ; the spots are twenty two in number, viz : seven submarginal, long and very narrow, edged without by a few scales of black ; eight median of moderate size, heavily edged with black above ; the third row of four, all heavily edged with black above, the first and third crescent, the second cut by the arc, the lower part edged with black above ; in the cell one, sometimes two, rounded spots and an oval below the median, surrounded by black ; all these spots light buff without silvering. Body above fulvous, below buff; legs light buff; palpi same color edged with fulvous ; antennse black above, fulvous below ; club black tipped with fulvous. Female. Expands 2.8 inches. Color somewhat paler than the male ; the black markings heavy ; the spots enclosed in the submarginal dentations paler than the ground. Under side like the u ARGYNNIS Till. male, tlie apical spot on primaries sometimes silvered, as also the outer row on sec- ondaries. According to Dr. Behr, (paper first cited) “ the diagnosis of Zerene , Boisd., certainly comprises two species,” one of which is now Monticola above described. In a letter from Dr. Behr, dated San Francisco, Aug. 16, 1868, he says, “A. Mon- ticola is found in different localities from A. Zerene. It is more alpine, and is found in the Yo Semite valley and other mountain localities.” £ o6*‘? AmcEnfMia IS. Di*scwn"by MaTy Peart Bawen& C° Mi Jh.il® HAL CYOJSiE . 6 ARGYNNIS IX. *3 (Zeft') ARGYNNIS HALCYONS. Argynnis Ralcyone (Hal-cy'-o-ne). New species. Primaries broad, moderately arched, concave on hind margin. Male. Expands 2.5 inches. Upper side fulvous, inclining to luteous, very little dusky at the base ; the hind margins bordered by two parallel lines which enclose narrow fulvous spaces between the nervules ; the submarginal spots of primaries serrated, enclosing spaces a little paler than the ground color ; those of secondaries lunular and connected with each other as well as with the marginal lines ; the median band of secondaries confluent ; other markings as in the allied species, less delicate than in Hesperis, but very much more so than in Monticola ; fringes luteous, black at tips of nervules. Under side of primaries pale fulvous at base and on inner margin, yellowish or buff on costa and disk, with brown sub-apical patch; hind margin yellowish- brown ; sub-marginal spots serrate at inner angle and black, toward the apex lunular and brown, all the latter enclosing spots more or less silvered ; on the brown patch two silver spots ; the other markings of upper surface repeated. Secondaries deep red-brown, more or less mottled with yellowish ; hind margin brown, paler towards anal angle ; the space between the two outer rows of silver spots encroached on by the basal shade ; the silver spots are twenty two or three in number, viz : the outer row of seven, rounded or oval at outer angle, remainder elongated, all edged slightly above and below with black scales and surmounted by a broad brown shade ; the second row of seven, the first three and fifth obovate, fourth small, rounded, the sixth and seventh nearly rectangular, edged above with black ; the third row of four or five, the first and fourth crescent, second often wanting, third pyriform, cut by the arc, fifth on the margin, a streak, all edged above with black ; in the cell a rounded spot, another below median, both surrounded with black ; two small patches of silver at base of nervures; shoulder and abdominal margin heavily silvered. Body above luteous, beneath yellowish ; palpi yellowish ; antennae dark above, fulvous below ; club black, ferruginous at tip. Female unknown. From two specimens, taken in Colorado by Dr. Yelie, and now in the collec- tion of B. D. Walsh, Esq. of Rock Island. LET 0. 1. 2.4,3. 4. ? ARGYNNIS X. ARGYNNIS LETO. Argynnis Leto , Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1862. Primaries broad, moderately arched, slightly convex on hind margin Male. — Expands from 2.6 to 3 inches. Upper side pale fulvous, obscure at base, lightly marked and spotted with black ; hind margins of both wings bordered by two fine parallel lines between which the space is fulvous; primaries have a submarginal row of serrated spots, not touching each other or the marginal lines ; a transverse line of rounded spots, an indistinct bar on costal margin, sometimes wanting, a zigzag median band of separated spots, mostly lunular; outside the arc a spot shaped like the letter P inverted, and three sinuous bars across the cell. Secondaries have a submarginal row of lunate spots, separated and not touch- ing the marginal lines, a second of small rounded spots or points, and a mesial of small widely separated crescents in size and shape like those of Aphrodite; on the arc a pyriform or obovate spot. Under side: primaries pale fulvous at base, light buff on costal margin and in the marginal interspaces, the nervules edged with brown; the sub-apical patch brown; submarginal spots serrated, enclosing buff spaces, not silvered; other markings as on upper surface. Secondaries dull ferruginous from the base to second row of spots; between the two outer rows a broad buff belt as in Cyhele; the silver spots are twenty-one or twenty-two in number, viz; seven submarginal, lunate, edged with ferruginous below and above; the second of seven or eight, all but the last heavily edged above with black, and projecting a brown shadow upon the belt, the first, second and fifth largest, third and sixth half the size of the others, the fourth minute, the seventh and eighth, (when present) streaks; the third row of three, edged also with black above; a small rounded spot in the cell, a patch at origin of median nervure and another at base of costal; costa at base and abdominal margin slightly, if at all, silvered. Body above dark brown, beneath, abdomen yellowish; palpi fulvous; antennae fulvous; club black tipped with fulvous. ARGYNNIS X. Female. — Expands 3 inches. Upper side dark ferruginous-brown from base to middle of disk, and beyond, to the brown marginal band, greyish-yellow. On the under side, primaries have the base and inner margin port-wine color and the apical and costal portion, as far as middle of cell, greyish-yellow; secondaries have the basal two-thirds deep ferru- ginous, and between the two outer rows of spots a clear band of greyish-yellow, brighter colored than on upper side ; spots as in the male. This species has been found somewhat abundantly in the Yo Semite district of California and in Oregon. The males that have reached our collections are mostly in good condition, but with the exception of two females received from Oregon, through the kindness of Mr. Henry Edwards, all the specimens of that sex known to me have been faded out to a pale brown and sordid white, without a trace of their original beautiful coloring. The contrast between the sexes in this species is of same nature as in Diana and Nokomis, and it is a very curious prob- lem how the sexes in these species have come to differ so remarkably when in near- ly every other member of the extensive genus Argynnis they are essentially alike. aosr ■sx A.EDWARDSII.l.2.6,3. 49 ARGYNNIS XI. AEGYNNIS EDWAEDSII. 1—4. Argynnis Edwardsii, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 1867. Primaries long and narrow, moderately arched ; slightly concave on hind margin. Male. Expands nearly 3 inches. Upper side pale fulvous, a little dusky at base, marked and spotted with black ; hind margin edged by two fine parallel lines, on which rest a series of connected lunules, which enclose fulvous spots a shade paler than the ground color ; other markings as in the allied species, rather more delicate than in most ; a sagittate spot in the submedian interspace near base. Secondaries have the extra discal spots small; a discal band of small separated lunules ; the spot on the arc like the letter C ; fringes luteous in the emarginations. Under side of primaries pale reddish fulvous at base and along the posterior nervules; remainder of wings light buff, except the apex and hind margin, which are greenish ; the submarginal silver spots are seven in number, triangular, the three posterior ones edged by blackish sagittate spots ; three anterior subapical spots sil- vered, the middle one large, sub-ovate. Secondaries pale olivaceous somewhat mottled with buff ; the band between the two outer rows of silver spots much encroached on by the ground color, as in Aphrodite ; the silver spots are twenty-four in number ; viz. seven submarginal, large, lunular or sub-triangular, each edged above by olivaceous ; the second row of seven, the fourth minute, the others large, mostly sub-ovate, slightly edged above with black, and below projecting olivaceous shadows on the band ; the third row of five, the first and fourth lunular, the second minute or wanting, the third large, pyri- form, cut by the arc, the fifth a stripe on the margin, all edged above with black ; in the cell one or two rounded spots and three at origin of the nervures ; shoulder and abdominal margin silvered. Body above fulvous, below buff ; legs and palpi fulvous ; antennae dark brown above, light below ; club black, ferruginous at tip. Female. Expands 2.8 inches. Primaries shorter, hind margin straight. Upper side obscured by black, much as in Callippe, showing like that species pale lunules within tire submarginal spots and a discal row of pale spots corres- ponding in shape to the second silvered row of under side ; apex ot primaries also paler than the ground color ; hind margin of primaries broad, blackish, of sec- ondaries similar in color, but of medium width. ARGYNNIS XI. Under side as in male except that apex and hind margin of primaries and whole of secondaries are of a deeper olivaceous, a paler shade of same color tinting those parts that in the male are huff ; the silver spots large, the outer row triangu- lar, slightly edged by black above ; the spots little if at all edged by black. Larva unknown. From specimens taken by Mr. James Ridings in the mountains near Empire City, Colorado, in August 1864. This species had been known in collections for several years prior to Mr. Ri- dings’ expedition, from the Collecting of Messrs Wood, Drexler, and others, and had been erroneously taken for Aglaia, an European species to which it bears some re- semblance. As Dr. Behr has remarked “ nearly all the Californian Argynnides (which includes the Rocky Mts. and Eastern species as well) belong to the type of Aglaia , which is altogether more developed and more numerously represented on this continent than in the old world, where the type of PajpMa takes its place.” AmdS-TSJWEa SE. . Drawn T-yMaaT-Peart Bower. & C° lith.. PHL®' BEHREN SIT. 12 6.3.4. ?. ARGYNNIS XII. n- ARGYNNIS BEHKENSII. 1—4. Argynnis Behrensii , Edwards, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1870. Primaries narrow, slightly arched, concave on hind margin. Male. Expands 2.2 inches. Upper side dull fulvous, much obscured at base ; primaries bordered by two fine parallel lines enclosing very narrow fulvous spaces between the nervules ; rest- ing on these a series of small black crescents, each enclosing a fulvous spot ; the round submarginal spots of medium size ; other markings as in Hesperis and al- lied species. Secondaries have a double marginal line enclosing large fulvous spaces ; the lunules large, crescent, not quite touching each other or the line ; the rounded spots small ; the median row confluent, forming an unusually narrow band, much like that of Hesperis ; on the arc a recurved black spot enclosing a narrow ful- vous space ; between the submarginal spots and median line a row of pale fulvous spots corresponding to the second silvered series beneath. Under side : primaries light buff, at base and along the nervules pale ferrugi- nous ; on hind margin and at apex dark brown ; the marginal spots sagittate, black next inner angle, deep brown above and near apex lost in the ground color ; the upper five enclosing silver spaces; on the sub-apical patch three silver spots; other markings as above. Secondaries of a deep, dense ferruginous, (much as in female Aphrodite ) which color occupies the whole wing except a narrow violet-brown space between the outer rows of spots ; these are twenty-one or twenty-two in number, all silvered, viz : seven submarginal, narrow, elongated, edged above by broad ferruginous crescents ; a second row of seven mostly oval or pyriform ; a third of five; of which the first and third are semi-oval, the second a point, fourth and fifth streaks on the margin; both the two last rows narrowly edged with black ; in the cell a round spot and a point; an oval at base of median, another at base of costal ; shoulder and abdominal margin lightly silvered. Body above fulvous ; beneath, abdomen buff, thorax covered with gray-ful- vous hairs ; palpi fulvous ; antennae black above, fulvous below ; club black, tip ferruginous. ARGYNN IS XII. Female. Expands 2.4 inches. Upper side of a duller shade ; the marginal borders of primaries broad, black, with no fulvous space ; the submarginal cres- cents heavy, enclosing very small pale fulvous spots ; other markings heavier than in male. Under side similar to male, except that primaries have the base and hind mar- gin deep fulvous ; secondaries have the same ferruginous tint with a similar violet- brown submarginal space. Taken at Mendocino, California. From 1^,1$, in the Collection of James Behrens, Esq., San Francisco, to whom I take pleasure in dedicating this fine and distinct species. < Affi©rwtfis« SSL ZERENE. 1.2.3 3.4' 5 ARGYNNIS XIII. ARGYNNIS ZERENE. 1—4. Argynnis Zerene, Boisduval, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr., 1852. Behr, (No. 9) Proc. Oal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862. Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 1864. Hydaspe, Boisduval, Lep. de la Cal’e., 1869. Primaries broad, strongly arched, much rounded at apex, convex on bind margin. Male. Expands 2.1 to 2.3 inches. Upper side deep fulvous ; hind margins edged by two fine parallel lines which enclose a fulvous space; on these rest a series of heavy black lunules, connected on primaries, separated on secondaries ; other markings as in Monticola ; fringes yellowish in the emarginations. Under side of primaries cinnamon red except at apex, where it is buff ; sub- apical patch ferruginous ; spots without silver, buff except at inner angle, there suffused by the ground color. Secondaries ferruginous, mottled with buff, which is usually more or less tint- ed with pink ; submarginal band much covered by the ferruginous shadows pro- jected by both rows of spots ; hind margin ferruginous ; spots yellowish buff, with- out silver ; the seven submarginal large, rounded or triangular, edged above and below by a few dark brown scales, and above also by ferruginous lunules ; the sec- ond row mostly large ; the first, second, third, fifth and sixth, nearly equal in size, subovate, all heavily edged above with black ; the third row of five, of which the first, fourth and fifth are semi-oval, the second a point, the third large, pyri- form, cut by the arc, all heavily edged above with black ; in the cell one or two small spots in black rings, and an oval in ring at base of median. Body above fulvous, below, thorax grey-fulvous ; legs buff ; palpi buff below, fulvous above ; antennae brown ; club black, tip ferruginous. Female. Expands 2.4 inches. Upper side dull fulvous, much obscured at base ; the sub-apical fulvous spots pale ; under side of primaries deeper red ; spots without silver. California ; found according to Dr. Behr, between N evada City and Bear V alley. In 1862, in paper above cited, Dr. Behr says, “The diagnosis that Dr. Bois- duval gives of Zerene certainly comprises two species,” and he temporarily desig- nates the two as Nos. 8 and 9 in his list of Californian Argynnides. In his subse- quent paper of 1863, he names No. 8 Monticola, leaving Zerene to the other species. ARGYNN1S XIII, In 1864, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., I translated Dr. Behr’s description, applying the name Zerene, Bois., to the species No. 9. In 1869, Dr. Boisduval published his second paper on Californian Lepidoptera, utterly ignoring all that had been done by lepidopterists since 1852, and named as new thirty-five species of butterflies, the greater part of which have been described in Proceedings of scientific societies years ago. In the other orders Dr. Boisdu- val has proceeded with like indifference. In the last paper he intimates that his former diagnosis of . Zerene includes two species, and he applies that name to Monticola Behr, giving to the other, that of Hydaspe. Nevertheless according to the recognized rule in such cases, the names Monticola and Zerene will remain as Dr. Behr determined them. In both these papers the very general descriptions given often apply to two or more species, and some of them will continue to be a puzzle to students who have no access to the types in Dr. Boisduval’s collection. In many other cases it is im- possible to tell what the descriptions are intended to represent, as in Anthocaris lan- ceolata, C. Amphidusa, P. Leucodice, Mel. Pulchella, M. Cocyta, &c. There is also a constant tendency to discern European forms under what are called “local mod- ifications,” as in cases of A. Ausonoides, C. Eurytheme, Theda dumetorum, Coen. Californica and Galactinus, Thanaos Cervantes, Hesperias Comma and Sylvanus, which is calculated to perplex and mislead. With profound respect for Dr. Bois- duval, every lepidopterist in this country has cause to regret the confusion thus introduced into our fauna. AMimrmmm %Wn TSmclalrMitlfLPkil3 Drav/u. lay Mary T e axt “NEVADEN SIS. 1.2. $. 3. 4.2. ARGYNNIS XIV. ARGYNNIS NEVADENSIS. 1—4. Argynnis Nevadensis, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. iii, p. 14. Primaries long, narrow, strongly arched, convex on hind margin. Male. Expands 2.2 inches. Upper side pale yellow fulvous, slightly obscured at base ; hind margins bor- dered by two parallel lines, enclosing throughout narrow fulvous spaces between the nervules ; the submarginal lunules narrow, serrated or lunular, connected with each other and with the marginal lines ; and enclosing large concolored fulvous spots, other markings delicate, well defined, similar to those of Edwardsii; the median band of secondaries being confluent and the discal spot large, open, much like the letter C inverted ; fringes luteous, on primaries blackish at ends of ner- vules. Under side of primaries pale buff, next base and inside the two cellular spots with a faint reddish tint ; apex olivaceous ; the two lower submarginal spots black, enclosing buff spaces, the others, six in number, olivaceous enclosing sil- ver spots ; submarginal patch olivaceous with two silver spots and sometimes a third on the margin. Secondaries yellow, the disk mottled with olivaceous ; the band between the two outer rows of spots narrow, distinct ; the silver spots unusu- ally large, iridescent, 24 in number, viz: seven submarginal, sub-triangular, edged both above and below by black scales and above by a broad olivaceous border; the second row of seven, the first three, fifth and sixth nearly equal, subovate, the fourth small, triangular, the seventh subquadrate, all narrowly edged above with black and projecting olivaceous shadows upon the band ; the third row of five, the first semi-oval, the fourth and fifth lunate, the second obsolete, third large, sub-pyriform, cut by the arc, all narrowly edged with black; in the cell two small round spots and below median a long oval, these three edged with black; two sil- ver patches at margin of upper nervures; shoulder and abdominal margin lightly silvered. Body above fulvous, beneath buff; legs buff, palpi buff, ferruginous above and at tip; antennae brown above, fulvous and grey beneath; club black tipped with ferruginous. Female. Expands 2.8 inches. Color a shade paler; the marginal lines diffuse, on primaries forming a broad black band showing traces of fulvous spots only next inner angle; the spots within ARGYNNIS XIV. apical lunules whitish ; secondaries present a row of spots, a shade paler than the ground, corresponding to the second silvered row of under side. Under side of primaries yellow huff, deep fulvous at base, on inner margin throughout, and over three fourths of cell, passing into reddish buff towards inner angle ; sub-marginal spots enclosing, throughout, silver spaces. Secondaries pale buff, mottled with darker shade; silver spots large, the second row completely but delicately edged with black, the sub-marginal nearly ovate. Taken in the valleys of the Sierra, near Virginia City, Nevada. In the markings of upper side and in the form and size of the silver spots, JVe- vadensis is nearest Edwardsii. Mr. Henry Edwards, to whom we owe the discovery of this fine species, writes as follows respecting it. “The range of Ne vadensis appears to be very limited as I have only seen it in the immediate neighborhood of Virginia, but it is there by no means rare. It loves to fly about the warm canons of the mountains and is es- pecially abundant near Washoe Lake. This is a beautiful sheet of water about two miles wide by seven long almost on the summit of the spur of the Sierra of which Mt. Davidson is the highest peak and on the sides of which Virginia is built. It is nearly 6000 feet above the sea level and its shores are covered in the Spring with a luxuriant growth of Composite, Violacese and Liliacese. About this Lake during this summer (1870) I saw scores of Nevadensis, but I only captured a few, owing to their wonderfully swift flight. I rarely saw them alight and it was necessary to take them on the wing. The males are very pugnacious and chase each other with great earnestness. The capture of our mountain butterflies is always a task of diffi- culty from the uneven nature of the ground, and frequently the work is terrible. One has to toil over dry mountains covered with “ sage brush,” with not a tree in sight, and rarely is a drop of water to be found throughout a days tramp.” Note. — Since the publication of the plate of Arg. Edwardsii, that species has been confidently asserted by no less eminent authorities than Dr. Staudinger and Mr. Moschler to be identical with Aglaia. Dr. Staudinger writes, 6th April, 1871 : “There is not the least doubt that Arg. Edwardsii is Arg. Aglaia, Linn. There is not the least difference and the Aglaia from Asia differ much more from the true European type than your Ag- laia of Colorado, which differs only in name A I am not advised that either of these naturalists have any acquaintance with the American species beyond what is to be gained from my plate and description. Certainly the insect is as yet excessively rare in collections. At the date of publication of the plate, (1869) I had the use of the few spe- cimens collected by Messrs Wood, Drexler and Ridings, which comprised, so far as I knew, all that were to be found in collections in this country. Quite lately, Mr. T. L. Mead has placed in my hands a number of specimens taken by him, in June 2-PS'T ( 9^ ©BAPlpAn F.AUNUS. 1. 2. 6. 3. 4 ? ARGYNNIS XI Y. of the present year, (1871) in Colorado, viz, 15 $, 6$, all of which are fresh and in the best possible condition. With sufficient material therefore for comparison, I am at a loss to see the resemblance between this species and Aglaia. Indeed it is not too much to say that they belong to different sections of the genus. They constantly differ in size, in the form of the wings, in color, and in the number, size and shape of the silver spots. The form of the fore-wings is a distinguishing characteristic between species of this genus, and so is the size and shape of the sil- ver spots, especially the sub-marginal spots of both wings. Dr. Behr, in his paper on Californian Argynnides, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. April 21, 1862, says “of great importance for the diagnosis of these specimens is the shape of the marginal lunulse.” So also does the presence or absence of a clear buff or yellow band between the two outer rows of silver spots constitute a highly important distinction, as is strikingly exemplified in Gybele and Aphrodite, for which I refer to the plates of those species in this Volume. As to the species in question, in size, Edwardsii is at least from one third to one half the larger in superficial area. As to shape of fore-wings, in the male Aglaia, these are broad, strongly arched, not at all produced apically and as nearly as possible straight on hind margin. In the female they are distinctly convex on hind margin. In the male of Edwardsii, the fore-wings are remarkably long, narrow, much produced apically, slightly arched and distinctly concave on hind margin. In the female the wings are shorter and broader than in the male, hut the margin is straight, not rounded. Mr. Reakirt says, “The wings of this species are rela- tively more narrow and more elongated than in any member of this genus with which I am acquainted.” The margin of the hind wing in the female is not circular as in both sexes of Aglaia, but the wing is produced so that the outline is oval, and from the anal angle to upper median nervule the margin is not curved, but straight. In Aglaia, I have seen no specimen with more than the faintest traces of sub-marginal silver spots on under side of fore-wings — merely a few silver scales — and none of sub-apical silver spots. The figure of Esper represents no such spots and that of Humphreys very small marginal lunular spots. West- wood, in the description, makes no mention of them. On secondaries the spots are small; the third row from the margin consists of three only, and of these the middle one is truncated, stopping at the arc; the spots of the second row are small and rounded and the sub-marginal are small, narrow, and lunate. In Edwardsii, on the fore-wings are seven conspicuous submarginal silver triangles and three sub-apical spots, ten in all ; besides these, in fresh specimens, two or three of the rounded black spots in the mesial row are always more or less silvered. On secondaries are 24 distinct spots. The third row contains five, the middle one of which is very large, sub-pyriform, cut by the arc; of the second row, six are large, nearly equal in size, sub-ovate; the submarginal are large and triangular. In the female all these spots are found, but they are still more conspicuous, and the submarginal especially so. ARGYNNIS XIV. In short, the species is remarkably silvered. The silver spots also are hea- vily edged with black, quite contrary to what appears in Aglaia. As to color, passing by the upper surface as of less consequence, though the shades of fulvous are different in both sexes, in Aglaia, three fourths of the under surface of the fore- wings is tinted with dull fulvous, the submarginal portions only being ochraceous ; the secondaries are of a chrome-green mottled with ochraceous from base to second row of silver spots, and the band between this and outer row is broad, ochraceous and not encroached on by the basal green color. In Edioardsii, deep fulvous covers half the cell of fore wings and that part of the interspaces next below the cell, and the median nervures are narrowly bor- dered with same color nearly to the margin ; the remainder of the cell and all the upper interspaces being a bright huff. In the female the basal color is in- tensified to a fiery red, covering the whole of the two inferior median interspaces. In the male, the ground color is pale olivaceous mottled with buff, with a very nar- row buff band between the silvered rows. In the female the whole wing except the submarginal band is olivaceous upon a brown ground, giving a mottled appear- ance to the surface ; and at the margin and anterior to the marginal spots it is wholly brown ; the sub-marginal band is of a brighter green, owing to the absence there of the sub-color. These differences are specific and it is not necessary to look for others of minor importance. On referring to Humphreys as cited, the very title of the species indicates the peculiar color of the under surface of secondaries; “A. Ag]aia. The Dark Green Fritillary.” The description reads. “The outer margin of the fore-wings in the males is almost straight or scarcely perceptibly concave, whilst that of the females is distinctly rounded. Beneath, the hind wings are varied with green and yellow with about seven silvery spots at the base, an irregular row of seven silver spots beyond the middle of the wing and a row of seven submarginal. Two varieties are mentioned by Westwood and one is figured under the name A. Charlotta, neither of which have any nearer approach to the American species. Godart says of Aglaia, “The silver spots are usually small and round.” I have thought it well to go thus into details as to the distinction between Aglaia and Edwardsii, as perhaps, and with as good reason, Nevadensis may be pronounced a variety of Aglaia. For if Edwardsii is Aglaia, and there is not “ the least difference except in name,” we may as well deny specific characters altogether, or call all green forms one species, all brown another and so on. The truth is, the sooner the theory of identity between the European and North American fauna in this department is exploded the better. It is founded on the merest modicum of fact, and leads its advocates into inconsistencies and contradictions. Unquestionably, certain boreal and alpine butterflies have passed from one continent to the other in high latitudes, as have a few strong flying Ya- nessans and Coliades, but I believe the whole number common to the temperate regions of both continents can be counted on one’s fingers. MffiMWAIgA, I. Drawn "by Mary Peart Bowen &-C?.]i£h. Tlnif CHALGE.DON. 1 2, 5 3. 4. ?. V MELITJ1A I. MELIT^EA CHALCEDON. 1—4. Melitxa Chalcedon, (Chal-ce'-don) Boisduval; Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diur. Lep. pi. 23; Ann. Ent. Soc. de Fr. 1852. Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1862. Male. Expands about two inches. Upper side black spotted with pale ochrey yellow in transverse sinuous bands ; the hind margins edged by a series of red spots, sometimes conspicuous, but usually small, rather indistinct and occasionally wholly wanting ; the yellow spots vary much in individuals, both as to size and form ; but usually the first on sub-mar- ginal row of primaries is minute, the second of medium size, bifid on costal mar- gin, the spots of the inner branch partially red; the third row somewhat larger than the second ; in the cell a compressed bar, a spot near base, and on inner mar- gin a third. On secondaries the first two yellow rows are composed of small spots, but those of the third are large and elongated; four yellow spots near base. Under side of primaries bright brick red; the marginal border broad, conco- lored, and presenting on its anterior edge a series of deep yellow lunules, those next inner angle frequently obsolete ; beyond this a second row of rounded spots, one or two patches On costa and sometimes a spot in cell ; a black line on the arc and two transverse lines in cell. Secondaries have also a red marginal border, a submarginal series of large yellow lunules on a black ground, preceded by a row of rounded deep red spots on a black ground, each edged by a delicate yellow border ; across the disk a band of large yellow spots, divided by the black lunules and cut unequally at either extremity by a transverse black line; next beyond this a red band, ex- pandedincell and there enclosing a yellow spot in a black ring; at base of nervures four yellow spots, and another on shoulder. Body above black, the segments of the abdomen edged with yellow, and to- wards the extremity with red; sides of abdomen red, below yellow; thorax yellow; legs and palpi red; antennae black above, red below; club black. Female. Expands 2.5 inches. Primaries broader, more rounded apically; spots larger. Mature Larva. Length 1.5 inch. Color black, finely irrorated with white ; head black, bilobed, compressed, furnished with simple black spines ; on body, from third segment to last, seven rows of thick, many branching spines, the dorsal MELITvEA I. row orange, the others blue-black, those of second lateral row rising from tubercu- lated orange spots; legs and pro-legs black. Chrysalis. Length .7 inch Cylindrical; color pearl-white, marked with patches and points of dark brown ; on the abdomen several rows of orange tubercles. Mr. Henry Edwards speaking of Chalcedon says: — “The perfect insect appears to be generally distributed throughout the State, extending also into Oregon and Nevada.. The first individuals make their appearance about the second week in April and successive broods are hatched up to middle of July. The caterpillar feeds upon Scrophularia chiefly, though I have observed it upon Dipsacus, Castil- leja and Lonicera. It is one of the most abundant of our species, every canon lead- ing from the mountain chains to the valley below being productive of large num- bers. It is an active insect, seldom remaining settled in one place and is very pugnacious, driving away every other butterfly which may venture near it. On this account it is very troublesome to the collector and I have lost several rare insects entirely through this habit of Chalcedon. Like all Melitseas, it is subject to considerable variation, in some individuals the reddish patches covering nearly the whole of the upper surface of the primaries. The female is far less common than the male, is inactive and flies but little.” GRAPTA I. GKAPTA FAUNUS. 1—4. Grapta Faunus, Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1862. Male. Expands 2.1 inches. Primaries deeply incised on both hind and inner margins ; hind margins throughout irregularly dentated ; a prominent tail on middle of secondaries and a smaller one between this and the anal angle. Upper side deep orange fulvous, paler next apex of primaries ; base of both wings and abdominal margin of secondaries a little dusky, the latter clothed with long hairs ; primaries have a broad black hind margin, dilated at the apex, bor- dered within by a series of obsolete tawny lunules ; on the inner margin a large black spot joins the marginal band, there enclosing a tawny spot ; on the costal mar- gin near apex, a broad abbreviated bar, black without, ferruginous within, runs obliquely back almost to the marginal band ; from the middle of the costa a broad black bar extends to the median nervure, covering the arc ; within the cell two round black spots in a transverse line and a third a little back of the same line near inner margin, divided unequally by the lower median nervule; in the median in- terspaces, two rounded black spots placed nearly at right angles to the first three ; costal edge of both wings and the incision of inner margin of primaries sprinkled with black and tawny ; the hind margin of secondaries is black slightly tinted with fulvous, clouded within, and passes gradually into the basal color, occupying nearly half the wing ; costal margin broad, brownish black ; on this is an elongated black spot, below which, nearer the cell, is a second, and in the middle of the wing a third, divided by the nervure ; fringe white in the emarginations. Under side. Both wings dark brown next base, with an irregular common blackish band across the middle, darkest on its outer edge and within the abdomi- nal margin, where its outline is obliquely serrated ; beyond this band, the color is paler brown mottled with grey white, which is clearest on costa of primaries ; the whole surface clouded with vinous, and more or less crossed by fine abbreviated streaks of dark brown ; apex of primaries yellow brown, with three small lanceo- late, ferruginous spots, the lower one enclosing a blue or green point ; the hind mar- gin of both wings, below these, is bordered by a series of confluent blue black, some- times olive green spots, following the outline of the wing ; a little anterior to this, another series of rounded spots of same color, those on secondaries largest and some- GRAPTA I. times Raying black centres, on primaries minute, except the two at the ends of the row ; in the disc of secondaries, a white G, varying in form, hut usually thick and angular with each end sharp and barbed ; body above black, covered with greenish hairs ; below, brown grey ; antennae dark brown above, whitish below ; club black with a yellow tip. Female. Expands 2.8 inches. Hind margin of primaries less incised and the dentations, especially of sec- ondaries, less prominent. Color of upper surface a shade more yellowish than in male. The under side in some cases marked as in male, but of duller colors, and the separate markings much less distinct. In most however the color is greyish- brown, darker next base ; the submarginal lines and green spots showing faintly ; the silver mark delicate, usually open and like that of Progne, but sometimes an angular C. Larva unknown. This species is very common in the Catskill Mountains in the month of Au- gust, frequenting the forest roads in company with a few Progne and Comma, and is of similar habits. It is deeper colored than its allies and the black markings are of greater extent, making it a conspicuous species. It is usually seen alighted on the ground, and although alert and quick in its motions, may be captured without difficulty. The species is also common in the Adirondacks and White Mount- ains, and probably throughout the northern part of the continent. I have received it from Fort Simpson and from Rupert House, Hudson’s Bay, and also from Nova Scotia. a.o<2r o-naAJPTOi^,. lie. Dravm’byJVTary Pea ct . T. Sxnol air s lrfh .Phil* OOMMA.l, 2, 6: 3, 4 &r 5 9 "VAR. as-Mature* larvae* i. Chrys abides . GRAPTA II. /£>/ T GKAPTA COMMA. 1—5. Grapta Comma, Harris, Ins. Mass. C-album, Fitch, New York Reports, 1856. Male. Expands 2.3 inches. Primaries deeply incised; hind margins slightly dentated; a broad tail of medium length on middle of secondaries. Upper side bright fulvous; primaries have a black marginal band of medium width, dilated at apex, edged within by a series of pale yellow spots; on inner margin a ferruginous patch joins the marginal band,- a similar sub-apical patch on costa ; on costal margin a broad sub-rectangular black patch ; within the cell two small rounded black spots transverse, and at right angles to these three others in the submedian and first and second median interspaces; costal edges of both wings, and the incision of inner margin of primaries, sprinkled with black and yellow or pale fulvous. Secondaries have the outer limb deep ferruginous and the rest of wing to base mottled with ferruginous and fulvous; a sub-marginal series of small yellow lunules; on costal margin a large, elongated black spot, another of small size at base of first sub-costal nervule and a third at base of second median ; fringe of both wings fuscous, whitish in the emarginations; the margins themselves nar- rowly edged with purplish. Under side mottled in shades of brown and yellow; the basal space limited by a line, angular on primaries, wavy on secondaries, next inside which the color is darkest, next base greyish; in cell two long, narrow, dark spots; extra basal space greyish; apex of primaries dark brown, often castaneous, enclosing on the edge a yellowish spot or lunule; sub-apical patch grey-brown inclining to white; along the incision a broken or wavy stripe of metallic blue, anterior to which is a row of black points, distinct at the extremities and the posterior ones enclosed in oliva- ceous patches; costal edge specked with brown, grey and buff. On secondaries the extra basal space is mottled with brown, grey, olivaceous and yellow ; the sub- apical patch olivaceous or castaneous, as is also the curved stripe extending from this patch to anal angle; along the margin a line of metallic blue lunules partly separated from the patch and stripe by yellow; a row of black points as on prima- ries; the silver C varies in size and form, being thick, rounded and barbed, or deli- cate and open with no barb; occasionally also interrupted as in Interrogationis ; the whole surface of both wings inscribed with fine brown abbreviated lines. GRAPTA II. Body above dark fulvous, the thorax covered with greenish hairs ; below grey ferruginous; legs pale buff; palpi buff, fulvous at tip and and on upper side; an- tennae dark brown above, buff below ; club black, yellowish at tip. Female. Expands 2.5 inches. Bather less incised than the male and on upper side similar. Under side varying between dark brown and yellow brown ; in either case a grey shade over the extra basal space, and the markings nearly lost in the ground color. Comma is found in the Eastern and Middle States and at least as far West as Illinois. And also in Canada and British America. I have received it from Nova Scotia and from Fort Simpson, Mackenzies Biver. It is rather local, but where it is found it is abundant. It is one of the commonest species on the Kanawha Biver, there being several successive broods from early in the season to November. The larva is found on the hop, nettle and false nettle (Boehmeria) feeding singly. It conceals itself on the under side of a leaf the outer edges of which are drawn together by silken threads sufficiently to afford a protection from light and the weather. From this cover the larva emerges at night to feed, and beginning at the extremity of the leaf consumes it evenly across until not enough is left for shelter when it betakes itself to another and repeats the same process. Owing to this peculiarity this species is easily discovered, as the bent and eaten leaf betrays its presence. The egg is nearly spherical, rather smaller at top than at bottom, depressed slightly at either end, ribbed vertically, pale green and one sixteenth of an inch in diameter. It is usually laid upon the surface of a young leaf, or, in case of the hop upon one of the tendrils, near the extremity. The young larvae appear in four days, are one tenth of an inch long, black covered with short hairs, and like all young larvae of butterflies, have the faculty of spinning threads whereby they at- tach themselves to the leaf or break their fall in case of danger. As they become older and can better adhere to the leaf no such aid is required, but whenever ne- cessary for safety, as in a glass breeding cage, they will cover their path with a web and walk securely as on a rough surface. When one-third grown these larvae are black, with dorsal and first lateral rows of spines pale green more or less tipped with black, the second lateral row of spines black tipped with white and the lowest, or infra-stigmatal row, entirely white resting at base on greenish papillae; the head spines black; between the first two lateral rows are narrow, transverse whitish striae; from base of each dorsal spine fork greenish bars to anterior edge of the segment and similar bars start from the base of each of the first laterals ; the spiracles oval, black within a white ring. At the next moult all the spines become white and at the base of the second GRAPTA II. laterals, on 8th to 11th segment inclusive, appears a ferruginous point. With very little change this type reaches maturity. Other larvae are almost wholly black to maturity, wanting the dorsal and lateral green spots and showing merely transverse striae on each segment. Others are black while young, but when one-third grown become greenish white with faint shades of black interspersed as if seen though a semi-transparent skin. And others again are like the last mentioned but have a reddish or vinous tint instead of black. I have not been able to discover that the variation of the larvae has any connection with the sex or with the shades of color of the butterfly. The length of the mature larva is 1.25 inch. When about to transform it selects a convenient place, on the under side of a projecting rock, or of a fence rail, or of a weather board of the house, or the midrib of a hop-leaf, and having spun a little button of pale red silk fixes the hooks of its anal legs therein and hangs suspended, head downwards, in the shape of a fish-hook, and immoveable, for the space of twenty to twenty-four hours, no change being perceptible except in the color of the skin which becomes partly transparent and loses its dark color, owing to its gradual parting from the chrysalis within. Suddenly, and to a looker on without any premonitory symptom, a rent takes place in the skin at the back of the head just wide enough to allow the passage of the chrysalis, the head of which at once emerges. By a rapid contraction and expansion of the folds of the abdomen the larva draws the skin upwards successively discovering the parts of the fully formed chrysalis, until at last, and in scarcely more than one minute of time, the entire skin is gathered about the anal feet. It now bends itself violently to disengage the end of the chrysalis, which is long, pointed and hard, furnished with several little hooks, meanwhile retaining its hold of the skin by the folds of its ab- domen, until after a severe effort convulsively reaching out and feeling in all direc- tions for the object of its search, it touches the button of silk and at once grasps it with its hooks and fixes them in it securely. Then by a twisting motion it man- ages to disengage the loose skin, which falls to the ground, and the chrysalis rests. The whole process is most interesting to witness and excites renewed wonder with every repetition, at the ingenuity of the means employed and the delicacy of the instinct displayed. How to strip off the skin and much more the legs by which the creature is suspended, without losing its hold, and at same time to securely fasten the chrysalis, is a problem that would seem impossible to solve, and yet this little insect accomplishes it unerringly, when to fail would be certain destruction. And not this species only, but the larvae of all butterflies which form suspended chrysalids, embracing the whole of the great family of Nymphalidae, that is, a large proportion of all existing species of butterflies, undergo a similar transformation. The chrysalis is now green in color, soft and indefensible, susceptible to the GRAPTA II. slightest injury, and for a few moments the several parts of the future butterfly may be seen and readily separated ; the wings folded close and enveloping the thorax, the antennae and proboscis stretched at length along the back. But very speedily a complete casing is formed by the exuding from parts of the body of a viscous fluid, which binds together the tender parts, and covers the whole with a coating like varnish. This soon hardens, and the chrysalis is ready to take its chance against injury. The chrysalis of Comma is grey or brown of two or three shades, with golden protuberances upon the abdomen, and with prominent eye and palpi covers and a sharp projection at back of head. This state continues about eleven days. A few hours before the butterfly is to emerge the metallic spots lose their lustre and the skin changes to a dark color indicating its separation from the imago within. At length the covering of the head parts, the insect struggles to disengage its head and legs and then feebly crawls forth, seeking instinctively some object on which to fasten. The body, legs and antennae are full sized on emerging from the chry- salis, but the wings are undeveloped, being no more than one fourth inch long, yet having their characteristic shape and showing distinctly, though in miniature, every marking and spot that will afterwards appear. So soon as the insect has attained a support it rests quietly, while the surface of the body dries and the wings expand slowly in length and breadth, each little spot in its due proportion, till in course of half an hour they have reached their full size, but still hang nerveless and limp. By a gentle fanning motion the limp- ness disappears, the wing becomes thoroughly dry and the perfect butterfly is ready for flight. In habits Comma is extremely alert and restless, flying swiftly and for short distances only. It frequents the roads, especially in damp places, or collects in considerable numbers on the sides of the creeks or upon damp stones by the forest brook, not in clusters, as is the habit with many butterflies, but scattered about in close neighborhood with wings outspread to receive the full benefit of the sun. In the Catskills it is in company with Faunus, on the Kanawha River with Fabricii and Interrogationis, but greatly outnumbering these last. The heavy frosts of November drive them into winter quarters and seeking out holes in trees, or crevices in rocks, they pass the season in a dormant state ready to reappear with the first warm breath of spring. But a very small propor- tion however survive as they are exposed in their defenseless state to attacks from many enemies. During the spring a few solitary individuals, faded and broken, are on the wing, and soon after the young leaves of the hop begin to show them- selves the females are hovering about intent on depositing their eggs. GRAPTA II. Note. — Comma was considered by Dr. Fitch as identical with the European C album. He says; “ This species is common to both sides of the Atlantic. Dr. Harris regarded our American insect as different from the European and accord- ingly named it Comma. He supposed the wings in the former to be more deeply indented and that specimens from the two continents could be at once distinguished by this mark. But how fallacious this character is will appear from the remark of Mr. Westwood, Humphreys’ British Butterflies, page 50, who observes, ‘This species is subject to an extraordinary variation in the form of its wings. In some specimens the incision in the hind margin of the fore- wings is so deep that it forms nearly a semi-circle, whilst in others it is scarcely more than a sextant, the other indentations being equally varied.’ The American specimens vary in same man- ner. On comparing them on the one hand with the descriptions which European authors give of C album, and on the other with the description which Dr. Harris gives of Comma, every one must admit that of the two the former is plainly the species to which our insect pertains.” I have also been assured by both Dr. Staudinger and Mr. Moschler, since the publication of my plate of Faunus. that, beyond all question, Faunus is neither more or less than C album. I thought it well therefore to enclose to Dr. Staudinger a male and female Comma from West Virginia and a male Satyrus from the Bocky Mountains, with- out names, for his determination. He replies, 5th June, (1871) “As to the three individuals of Grapta Faunus, which have arrived in recognisable condition, I do not doubt for an instant that they are Grapta ( Papilio ) C album, L., although a very little modified so that one might retain the name of Faunus as that of a race or variety. The form of your hemisphere is distinguished principally by the hind wings being a little less excised and by the border of the wings being blacker ; at least to judge by these three individuals, ( which alone I know apart from your fig- ures). But this individual from the Rocky Mountains is more unmistakable, and approaches our European and Siberian form nearer than the two from West Vir- ginia. I repeat that your fauna agrees marvellously with the European.” (The italics are mine.) Now Faunus on the one hand, and Comma and Satyrus on the otuer, belong to distinct sub-groups, the latter being allied to Interrogationis, and it becomes a matter of interest to know that one European species exists so similar to both as to deceive practiced observers. I have taken pains to bring together a number of specimens of the European C album, many of which were sent me by Mr. H. W. Bates, expressly to show the widest variation, and I have consulted authors within my reach who describe and figure the species and its larvae. It certainly is very variable, and bears a resem- blance in its several phases to at least these three American species, Comma, Faunus, and Satyrus, Edw., (the last not yet figured, but brought from California and Bocky Mountains.) C album also exhibits several phases that are not imitated by any yet known American species. Some individuals are deeply incised and indented after the peculiar manner of Faunus, and have much resemblance on both surfaces to that species. (This GRAPTA II. type is figured in Esper, Eur. Schmett. I, pi. 59.) But Faunus is notably larger, is deeper fulvous by many degrees, and has a much broader border to the hind margin of primaries. This border is deep black, not ferruginous, even edged within and never crenated as is often the case with O album. The spots are also intense black. The outer half of secondaries is black enclosing simply a few sub- marginal yellowish points. In O album this part of the wing is ferruginous and the yellowish points are much enlarged, often into patches that form a connected band across the wing, breaking up what otherwise would be the anterior portion of the ferruginous border into spots; thus giving the wing a macular appearance never found in Faunus , nor in Comma but paralleled in Satyr us. The under side of those individuals of C album that in any way approach Faunus is cast in the same general pattern with that species, but the colors are different and the marbling much less decided. The basal shade is a dull red- brown varied by lighter brown; the marginal border is of the same dull color and the intermediate or mesial space is grey brown. Faunus has all the colors intense, the basal shade black brown, as is also the marginal border, and the intermediate space pale brown mottled with grey which becomes conspicuously white on the subapical patch. The whole surface is suffused with vinous and the general effect of this marbling and coloration is far more beautiful than can well be described or than can be imitated at all successfully. No C album is at all comparable to Fau- nus in these respects. The under side of C album is described by Mr. Westwood, in the work before cited, as “ greyish ashen” and by Mr. Stainton as “ dusky brown.” The marginal row of metallic spots in Faunus is sometimes blue-black, sometimes green, those of C album are green. Other specimens of C album are like Comma in the form of the wings and ex- tent of indentation, as well as general appearance of both surfaces. (For this phase see Esper, I, pi. 13.) But without giving further details as to the differ- ences between these two, Comma presents one character that is decisive. Instead of marginal green spots, in Comma these are blue and anterior to them is a com- mon row of black points as in Interrogationis. Other specimens of C album , as has been said, resemble Satyrus in the macular upper surface, but this species par- takes of the same peculiarities beneath, mentioned as distinguishing Comma. Besides these resemblances many males of C album have the whole under sur- face suffused with shades of yellow, from pale to ochraceous, a feature as yet found in no American species. The females G album differ still more decidedly from the females of the three species, yellow being often a prevailing tint of the under surface. Before describing Faunus, in 1882, I enclosed specimens to Air. Stainton and requested him to compare them with C album. The following was his reply. “Lewisham near London, 10th Feb. 1862. I have carefully examined the butter- flies enclosed in your letter and have compared them with American specimens in the collection of the British Museum. No. 2 (Faunus) is a distinct, unnamed spe- cies, which in the List of Lepidoptera in B. M., Part 1, 1844, follows V Progne as Yanessa — ? from Martins Falls, Albany Liver, Pluason’s Bay.” Unfortunately the larva of Faunus is still unknown. But those of Comma GRAPTA II. and Satyrus are known and settle ttie question of identity between either of these species and O album. The larva of Comma is illustrated in our plate. That of Satyrus is described by Mr. It. H. Stretch, as “dead black with a greenish white dorsal band from third to last segment,” and he has furnished me with an ad- mirable drawing which justifies his description. On the other hand the larva of C album is described by Mr. Westwood as be- ing “ of a brownish red color, the back being reddish in front with the hinder part white,” and the accompanying plate represents the first six segments as red, the re- mainder white, and is altogether quite unlike any known American species. Neither Faunus nor Comma are subject to any wide variation, as I can assert from a long familiarity with both species, nor do the specimens of Satyrus that I have seen, numbering perhaps twenty, vary to any greater degree. On the other hand, C album varies so as to resemble not only these three distinct species, but has an overplus of variation sufficient to include resemblances to as many more. Unquestionably these several species and all others of the genus have sprung from one ancient form which may not unlikely have been near one of the many phases of the present C album. But one variety after another became permanent, each throwing off new varieties of its own, in time also to become permanent, till now we have many groups all allied but all distinctly separated. We have in North America at least nine well marked species of Grapta divisible into four groups, namely, that of Progne, of Silenus, of Comma and of Faunus. There is a difference of opinion about the value of this genus, many European lepidopterists considering it not properly separable from Vanessa. But if ‘‘the co- descendants of the same form must be kept together in one group separate from the co-descendants of any other form,” (Darwin’s Descent, 1 p. 181.) then no genus is better founded than Grapta. The several species differ decidedly from the true Vanessans not only in the shape of the wings, but so far as is known in the pre- paratory stages. The larvae are solitary, not gregarious, as are the true Vanessans. This difference of itself is generic and there could be no surer token of distinct ancestry. n >>\ DRYAS. 1.2.*. 3.4. 9- 5. LARVA. 6. CHRYSALIS. / N GRAPTA III. GRAPTA DRYAS. 1—6. Grapta Dry as, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870. Male. Expands 2.4 inches. Primaries moderately incised ; hind margins slightly dentated ; a broad tail of medium length on middle of secondaries. Upper side yellow fulvous marked with black and ferruginous as in Comma and Interrogationis ; secondaries almost wholly black as in the latter species, the black shade gradually passing into fulvous near base ; three fulvous sub-marginal points or spots at outer angle; a black patch on costa and spot in cell, in some cases only distinguished by a deeper shade than the ground color; fringes white in the emar- ginations, fuscous at tips of nervules. Under side marbled in shades of grey, brown, ferruginous, olivaceous and honey yellow; more or less suffused with lilaceous and throughout densely covered with fine, abbreviated streaks of ferruginous; the basal space limited without by an irregular deep brown or ferruginous common discal band; in cell three distinct brown spots; the extra basal space lilaceous on both wings but on secondaries mixed with yellow and olivaceous; beyond, to margins, primaries partly yellow, partly clear yellow, the latter color at apex and inner angle; secondaries have a large, nebulous, ferruginous or olivaceous patch near outer angle and a nebulous curved stripe of similar color from median nervure to anal angle, the former en- closing on costal edge a yellow spot; both wings crossed by a conspicuous sub- marginal row of black points or small spots; on primaries a sub-apical ferruginous patch enclosing a lilaceous spot on costa; the incision edged by a brown line which is preceded by metallic grey, or blue-grey lunules edged with black; similar lu- nules on secondaries; costal edge of primaries lilaceous and buff, crossed to the ner- vure by ferruginous streaks and spots; silver spot an open C, large, narrow, thick- ened at extremities, sometimes interrupted on the lower side. Body above fulvous covered with greenish hairs ; below pale vinous brown ; legs buff; palpi buff below, ferruginous above and at tip; club black, tipped with ferruginous. Female. Expands 2.6 inches. Hind margin of primaries a little less incised; the dentations as in male. Upper side similar to male; under side honey yellow densely covered with ferru- GRAPTA III. ginous streaks; the pattern of markings as in male hut faint and nearly lost in the groundcolor; some individuals light, the yellow predominating; in others the ferruginous streaks give color to the whole surface; sub-marginal black spots less conspicuous, and sometimes on disc of primaries wanting; marginal lunules as in male but less distinct; silver spot as in male, but sometimes a mere line not thickened at extremities. Mature Larva. Length 1.25 inch. Color pale green marked with greenish white at the base of each spine with lines of same color across each seg- ment; head dull pink covered with short spines and having at upper angle on each side a large branching spine pink at base, black at tip; a black patch on either side of face; mandibles black; body furnished with seven rows of many branching yellow spines, each branch tipped with black; under side green; legs reddish brown, pro- legs green; spiracles black; on the 8th to 11th segments inclusive an orange spot immediately anterior to each spiracle. Chrysalis delicate white, not much clouded, the wing cases and whole front having a sheen of bronze; the abdominal tubercles bronze. Or the general color is pale brown, clouded with darker shades, not metallic except on the tubercles; the palpi cases are long and sharp, and the prominence on back of head is pointed. In size and general form the chrysalis resembles that of Comma. I have occasionally taken this species at Coalburgh, AY. Va. and in the Catskill Mountains and was formerly inclined to regard it as a variety of either Comma or Interrogationis. During the season of 1870 I was fortunate in obtaining two of its larvae and from them the butterflies. They were feeding on the hop, in July, and in habit resembled the larvae of Comma, remaining concealed on the under side of a folded leaf, and eating from the outer extremity so long as enough remained to afford protection. These larvae were nearly mature and shortly after changed to chrysalids. In this state they continued ten days and yielded one male and one female butterfly, the white chrysalis producing the female. This species is between Comma and Interrogations. The shape is that of the latter as is also the shade of color of upper side. On the under side of the male the markings are rather nearer Comma but with a difference in coloration. The under side of the female differs materially from that of either species. Note. — While the foregoing description was passing through the press, be- tween the 10th and 18th May (1871), I took eight larvae of Dryas from the hop, from half grown to mature. The younger ones were dull white, with an interrupt- ed supra-stigmatal blackish line; as they approached maturity this disappeared and the color changed to green. Between 20th Alay and 2nd June emerged 6 $, 1 $. E\fo PrawiTbyMary Peart- JN TERR. O GAT I OKI S, VAFt. ElMBTLO SA 1 .2 6.3.4.?. aslEgrg, ruvt. Siae b.Eggs mogjufteS c. Young 7arva;d,Same after first moult, e, Same after seoorul moult; f Mhtv-re lory a. g. OzrysaZis. X Jj c >wen , litX-PXil ? GRAPTA IV. GRAPTA INTERROGA TIGRIS. Grapta Interrogationis, Fabricius. Yar. Umbrosa, Lintner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 318; 1870, p. 197. Interrogationis , Fabr. 9 , Suppl. p. 424. Godart, Enc. Metb. IX, p. 302. Harris, Ins. Mass. Ed. 1852, p. 298, (text, not plate.) C aureum, Cramer, % , pi. 19. Fab. % , Sp. Ins. p. 94 ; Ent. Syst. p. 78. Abbot & Smith, £ _ Ins. Ga. pi. 11. Hiibner, Exot. Schmett. II, % 9 ■ Bois. & Lee. % , pi. 51. Yar. Fabricii, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 5. Interrogationis, Harris, 9 , Ins. Mass. Ed. 1852, plate. Lintner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 315,1870, p. 197. INTERROGATIONIS, yar. UMBROSA. Form alike in both sexes, primaries slightly falcated, little excised; tail prom- inent, broad at base, tapering; anal angle slightly or not at all produced. Male. Expands 2.6 inches. Upper side fulvous, marked and spotted with black; primaries have a broad, black marginal border, somewhat suffused with ferruginous at the upper part of the incision on hind margin and next inner angle; upon the disk five rounded spots disposed in a right angle, the two smallest being in cell and the others in the in- terspaces; between the lower two of these last, transverse to them, two small spots or patches of scales; another in lower discoidal interspace, and a large subquadrate spot from the costa covering the arc; next the marginal border on costa a large patch suffused with ferruginous and a smaller one on inner margin. Secondaries have the outer two-thirds overlaid with black, most dense behind the cell, but towards outer angle and on disk showing the fulvous $ub-color, into which the black shade gradually fades and disappears towards base; on costal margin a deep black duplex spot, and a small spot on arc; tail ashy-grey, marginal border lightly touched with same hue, and sometimes the tips of the nervules on primaries; fringes white in the emarginations, fuscous at the nervules. Under side variegated with ferruginous, brown, olivaceous and more or less suffused with purple; the basal third limited by an irregular ferruginous, partly olivaceous band, within which the ground is yellow-brown streaked with ferrugi- nous; outside the band, primaries have a narrow belt of yellow-brown, beyond which the colors are brown and olivaceous; a lilac patch near inner angle, and a large sub-apical one on costa enclosing a patch of whitish; secondaries olivaceous GRAPTA IV. on costal margin and along the whole hind margin, except just over the tail, where the tint is lilaceous; the rest of the limb suffused with purple; commencing at the upper suh-costal neryule a deep ferruginous patch extends to median and is con- tinued in a broad, curved, posteriorly attenuated stripe to anal angle; crossing both wings is a row of black points, on secondaries lying within the ferruginous stripe, each haying a faint olivaceous halo; along the incision of primaries a series of metallic blue or green streaks or narrow lunules ; on secondaries these are large and distinctly lunular; discal mark on secondaries an interrupted C, usually silvered, but at times aureous; costal edge of primaries crossed to suh-costal nervure by ferruginous streaks and patches, between which the ground color is huff. Body above fulvous, covered on thorax with green hairs; beneath grey-ferru- ginous; legs huff; palpi huff, on upper side fulvous; antennae fuscous above, annulated below with buff; club fulvous tipped with huff. Female. — Expands 3 inches. Upper side similar to male; fringes similar. Under side brown suffused with blue-grey; the hind margin of primaries olive-brown ; on secondaries the sub-marginal stripe and patch but faintly indi- cated; the metallic spots less distinct than in male and more or less wanting; the common row of black points conspicuous. Egg .02 in diameter; smooth, spherical, flattened at top and slightly at base; from the centre of the base proceed ten narrow ribs, at first scarcely raised above the surface, increasing gradually in prominence as they ascend, and terminating abruptly and perpendicularly at the rim of the flattened top, marked on either side by transverse parallel grooves ; (see plate) . Color pale green. The larvae emerge from the egg in from three to four days. At first, they are one-tenth inch in length, translucent, greenish, covered with hairs ; the head large, bilobed, black. In a few hours they change to black. After first moult, (length .3 inch) which takes place in about two days, they are black, more or less specked with white, and begin to be clothed with short spines, all black except those on eighth and tenth segments, which are whitish. After another interval of two days the second moult takes place (length .4 inch), and the larvae begin to assume the type that they retain to maturity. The spines are in seven rows, one dorsal, two lateral on each side and one infra-stigmatal, fleshy at base, slender and many- branching at extremity; the dorsal and first lateral on third segment are black, on second, fourth and eleventh, russet, the rest yellow; the second laterals black throughout, the lowest row greenish; head bilobed, black, with short black spines at vertices. GRAPTA IV. After third moult (length .6 inch), which takes place two days later, the spines are greatly enlarged and lengthened. In from two to three days further (length .9 inch), the fourth and last moult occurs. From the third moult the larvae vary greatly, both in color of body and of spines. Some are black, finely specked with yellowish; others are yellow-brown, specked with yellow tubercles; others grey-brown with indistinct reddish lines between the spines on the dorsal and two lateral rows and much tuberculated ; others are black with fulvous stripes and profusely covered with yellowish tuberculated spots and points. The colors of the spines vary from black to fulvous and green and yellow. From four to five days after the last moult, the length having increased to 1.6 inch, the larva stops feed- ing and within twenty-four hours changes to chrysalis. Duration of the larval state about fifteen days. The chrysalids vary slightly in color, being in shades of brown clouded with olivaceous or lilac; sometimes a dark green stripe from the tail along the spiracles as far as the wing cases; in all, the surface is somewhat bronzed and decidedly on back of head and on the abdominal tubercles, excepting the four middle ones which are silvered; palpi cases prominent, and mesonotal process prominent, arched and thin. Duration of chrysalis state eleven days. ©IKA.IP'lPA tt. '.Dxa'win'byJVraiT teait If Sinclairs !i.«J IN TEKR.0 GATIONIS VAR. .VABRIC11, 1,2 $.3,4?. 5. JjCt r va . 6. Chrysa lis . GRAPTA V. INTERROGATION'S, Vab. FABRICII. Form alike in both, sexes; primaries strongly falcated, much excised; tail longer, narrower, less tapering than in Umbrosa ; anal angle much produced. Male. — Expands 2.5 to 2.7 inches. Upper side bright red-fulvous, the terminal third of primaries and whole of secondaries obscured by ferruginous; spots as in Umbrosa; hind margins of both wings and abdominal margin at the fold largely edged with lilac; fringes fus- cous. Under side clouded in shades of brown and ferruginous, sometimes partially suffused by purple; the general pattern as in Umbrosa, without the striking diver- sity of color; the common row of black points more or less obsolete; costal edge of primaries ferruginous beaded by small round yellow spots, between which and the sub-costal nervure the ground is yellow specked with ferruginous; silver mark as in Umbrosa. Female. — Expands 3 inches. Upper side similar to male; under side brown suffused with ochraceous, deeply along hind margin ; sometimes partially suffused with purplish instead of ochraceous; the whole surface covered with fine abbreviated ferruginous streaks; the common row of black points obsolete, or represented by two or three at outer angle and apex only, and always minute. These varieties differ in shape of wings, in comparative breadth and length of the tail, in the prominence of anal angle ; in both sexes in the color of upper surface, in that of the marginal edges, and of the fringes; in the color of under surface and in the relative position and extent of the yellow and ferruginous mark- ings of the costal margin of primaries. These differences are conspicuous and constant, there being, so far as I know, no intergrades. Until the publication of Mr. Lintner’s paper of 1869, these two forms had been treated by late authors as one species, one or the other, or the sexes of either, being described as C aureum or Interrogationis indifferently. Judging by the imagos alone each wag entitled to rank as a species, as they presented constant dif- ferences in essential characters and Mr. Lintner very properly separated them. But believing that the darker species did not fall within the Fabrician descriptions, he applied to it the name Umbrosa. GRAPTA V. It appeared to me that Fabricius had described the female of this Umbrosa as Interrogation is, and that the only doubtful point was whether he had described the corresponding male, or either sex of the other species, as C aureum. But in- asmuch as the name C aureum was pre-occupied, that subsequently given to the female must extend to its male, and the other species whether really described by Fabricius or not, should be regarded as unnamed. I therefore proposed for it the name Fabricii. As is well known, the larvae that produce these two forms are remarkably variable. For several years I had endeavored to ascertain which type of larva produced either species of imago or the sexes of either, but with no satisfactory result, inasmuch as when I thought the matter determined by one series cf ob- servations, the next perhaps would unsettle everything. On the 4th June, of this present year, (1871) I noticed two females Umbrosa, flying about the hop-vines near my house, at Coalburgh, and had no difficulty in capturing them. I enclosed them in a keg over a branch of the vine, covering with a cloth. On the 6th, a large number of eggs had been laid, a few of which were on the upper leaves of the vine, but the greater part on the cloth. On the 9th, they were hatching and I removed the larvae to the house and enclosed in a breeding-cage. From these I obtained 18 chrysalids, which produced, on 3d July and subsequent days, 11 Umbrosa, 5 $, 6 ?, and 6 Fabricii, 1 $, 5 $. On the 29th July, and successive days till 5th August, I took eleven fe- males of same type, no others being seen, and enclosed in same way as before. From these I obtained hundreds of eggs, and separated the larvae therefrom into three lots, one comprising those hatched from eggs laid on the cloths, one from a large cluster laid on a single leaf, and all others in the third. By 3d September many imagos had appeared. From the eggs on cloth resulted 49, of which 29 were Umbrosa, 14 $, 15$, and 20 Fabricii, 11$, 9?. From the leaf 8 Umbrosa, 5$, 3 ?, and 6 Fabricii, 4 $, 2 ?, and from the remainder 26 Umbrosa, 14 $, 12 $, and 8 Fabricii, 6 $, 2?. In each lot of larvae all the different types of coloration known to me were re- presented, and there certainly is no connection between either of them and the varieties or sexes of the imagos. These forms therefore are but one species, and so far it would appear that the darker of the two was the type and the other a variety. But although I have not been able to obtain females of Fabricii, and to determine this point absolutely, yet from the fact that the two forms are invariably found together, even where, as in many districts, Fabricii greatly out numbers Umbrosa, and from the analogous case of Ajax, I believe that the eggs of Fabricii will also produce both types of imago. If this be so neither can be considered as a variety of the GRAPTA V. other. They are dimorphic forms of Interrogation is, and to distinguish them from ordinary varieties, I have given them both specific names, indicating their relationship. (Since discovering the dimorphism of Interrogationis, I incline to think Grap- tas Comma and Dryas will prove to be but one species also. The case would not however be strictly parallel with Interrogationis, but might prove to be a modi- fication of seasonal dimorphism. I obtained in May, of this year, seven specimens of Dryas, and all that I have before seen have been bred or taken in the early part of the season, at the same time with Comma, while from great numbers of the larvae obtained in the Autumn I have had nothing but Comma. The early brood only therefore may prove to be dimorphic). Interrogationis is abundant over the whole eastern part of the United States and in Canada. How far west it is found I am unable to say, certainly how- ever, as far as Iowa, and from Missouri to Texas. But it has not been found in Colorado by Mr. Mead, who has collected extensively in that State. In West Virginia, I have found the variety Umbrosa the most common, but in the Catskill Mountains the proportions were reversed. Mr. Lintner states that the results of his collecting in Middle New York show the greater abundance also of the variety Fabricii. On the other hand, Dr. Harris says, that in Massachusetts, the male “ is often black- winged,” meaning Umbrosa. The southern specimens are larger than those from the north, differing one-half inch in expanse of wing. The larvae feed upon the hop, elm, nettle, false-nettle, (Boehmeria) and, at Coalburgh, may usually be found in different stages of growth from about 20th May till September. I have frequently seen several females at once flying in and out my hop- vines, alighting on the ends of the shoots or on the tender leaves to de- posit their eggs. The butterflies are then always battered and worn, evidently a long period having elapsed since they emerged from chrysalis. The eggs are usually laid singly, but sometimes three or four may be seen on the same leaf. Two or more may also occasionally be found standing one on end of the other per- pendicular to the surface of the leaf, and I have seen four, five and as many as eight in one stalk (see plate) The larvae are easily raised in confinement and will submit to a change of food, as from hop to Boehmeria, without the slightest hesitancy. Like its congeners this species hybernates and appears in the early Spring. When it is considered how many eggs are laid, and that so short a time in- tervenes between the egg and the imago, it is surprising how few butterflies of this species are the result. From eggs that were laid on my vines in July and August, amounting, I am sure, to many hundreds, very few larvae were hatched, and gradu- ally these became more and more scarce, so that at last I could with difficulty dis- GRAPTA V. cover a single one. The eggs are destroyed by spiders and various insects by whole- sale. I have had the contents of one of my kegs swept away in a night, leaving not a trace of shell behind, and in same way I have lost scores of small larvae. The only safe mode of securing them is to transfer the larvae as soon as hatched to the house. Finally, after the larvae have escaped all apparent danger and have changed to chrysalids, the imago therein is often destroyed by ichneumon-flies. So that it is doubtful if much more than two per cent- of the eggs laid produce but- terflies. The perils of the winter destroy nearly all the last brood, and in the Spring but few of the butterflies are to be seen. They become more plenty as the successive broods appear, but, one season with another, the number seems to be about the same. Note. — The first mention of a Papilio Q aureum is in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1760, I, p. 477, as follows. “C aureum, P. N. alis angulatis fulvis nigro maculatis; pos- ticis subtus C aureo notatis. Habitat in Asia.” This species is now recognized as equivalent to Angelica, Cramer, pi. 388, an Asiatic species found in India and Japan, materially differing from any American Grapta. In 1775, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. page 506, describes C aureum nearly in same words, viz: “P. alis dentato-caudatis, fulvis, nigro-maculatis; postieis subtus C aureo notatis. Habitat in Asia,” and refers to Linnaeus. In 1781, Fabricius, Sp. Ins. II, p. 94, again describes C aureum in same words, with same reference to Linnaeus and habitat, but refers also to Cramer, II, pi. 19, fig. E. F. Cramer’s figures purport to represent an American species, which may properly be considered as the one had in view by Fabricius, although there was error in his reference to Linnaeus and in his habitat, caused naturally by the vague description of Linnaeus. I am satisfied that Cramer’s figures are intended to represent Umbrosa$ , though the execution is wretched. Mr. Scudder conjectured that they might have been taken from a third species possibly to be found in the Southern States and West Indies, and he proposed for this the name Cramerii. But I think the diffi- culty is altogether with the artist. In 1797, Abbot (Insects of Georgia) figured, without description, as 0 aureum the male Umbrosa . In 1798, Fabricius (Supp’t p. 424), for the first time mentions and describes P. Interrogationis, viz; “alis caudatis fulvis nigro maculatis, subtus glaucis: striga punctorum nigrorum, postieis C aureo notatis. Habitat in America boreali. Nimis affinis P. C aureo at paullo major et alse subtus glaucce striga punctorum nigrorum .” Wings tailed, fulvous spotted with black, beneath glaucous (i. e. a blue or green inclining to grey or white) with a transverse band ( striga ) o f black points. * * * * Extremely like P. 0 aureum but a little larger and the wings beneath glaucous with a transverse band of black points . GRAPTA Y. ni This description applies well to the female Umbrosa, which alone of the sexes of either form can be called glaucous, this word expressing the blue-grey color with which the wings are suffused. It is not often used by Fabricius. In his Ent. Syst. I have been able to discover it but few times. One of these is used in describing the American species, Megistanis Acheronta, the under side of which is a shade of grey that nearly approaches the female Umbrosa. This latter is also distinguished by a row of distinct black points crossing both wings. I conclude therefore that the female Umbrosa is the true Interrogation's, Fab. This was the opinion of Godart. In Enc. Meth. IX, p. 302. he says; “Fabricius has taken the male for C aureum of Linnaeus and has made of the female a sepa- rate species under the name of Interrogationis .” Boisduval and Leconte give a figure copied from one of Abbot’s drawings, com- posed apparently of the upper surface of Fabrieii and the under surface of Umbrosa. The shape is rather that of the latter. These authors state that although there would seem to be more than one species, yet as the caterpillars are the same, the butterflies must be the same also. A correct conclusion from incorrect premises, for it is not implied that caterpillars had been proved to be the same by breeding from the egg, and resemblance in the larvae by no means indicates identity in the imago. The figures of Hubner are admirable, and represent both sexes of Umbrosa , under the name C aureum. I do not find Fabrieii anywhere figured except in the wood-cut of the female in Harris. The history of Interrogationis, and that of Ajax, illustrates the defects of the present system of determining genera and species, founded as it is on one stage only of the insect’s existence, and omitting the other three, the egg, larva and chrysalis, from consideration. Certainly all these stages are important, if not equally so, to a true conception of either genus or species. Even so minute objects as the eggs of butterflies, sometimes scarcely to be distinguished by the naked eye, and always re- quiring examination under the microscope, are found to differ generically in shape and ornamentation as decidedly as do the butterflies produced from them. Noth- ing can be more distinct than the smooth, spherical egg of Papilio, the granulated, lenticular egg of Parnassius, the fusiform of Pieris, the ribbed ovoid of Vanessa, the sculptured conoid of Argynnis, the dome-topped cylinder of Danais, or the semi-sphere of Pamphila. And so far as I have been able to examine the eggs of our butterflies, those of the same genus, besides bearing a generic resemblance, have each their specific differences. Thus Ajax is distinguishable from Turnus, or Troilus , or Fhilenor; Philodiee from Eurytheme, or Alexandra. So with Diana, Cybele , Aphrodite, and the Satyri and Hesperidce. The larvae and chysalids also fall naturally into groups, or in other words dif- fer generically, though genera founded upon these groupings would disarrange very materially many of the highly artificial divisions at present recognised. And they differ individually so that one need never be mistaken for another, even in such cases of similarity as in the larvae of I. Disippus and L. Ursula. But, inasmuch as the imago is the only one of the four stages that is usually known, the determining characters are sought in it alone, in the distribution of the nervures, in peculiarities of legs, palpi and antennae, form of wings and markings GRAPTA V. or coloration. Nearly all these are generic, that is, they belong to all the mem - bers of a group, and the last two only, markings and coloration, are relied on for separating species. These are always variable, and to distinguish between essential and non-essential variations is often very much a matter of individual judgment where one may be right or wrong and where opinions will differ. Many species are distinct beyond all doubt, but very often one form runs into another, or seems to branch from another, or several seem to be intermediate between two that are themselves distinct. To determine therefore which of these is a good species, and which is a variety, is difficult and almost always unsatisfactory. So in this un- certainty some naturalists name as distinct every form that presents differences that are tangible enough to be described intelligibly, while others rest upon the broad and comfortable ground that closely allied, or even tolerably distinct, forms in which there ean be shown intergrades, are to be classed as a species and its varieties. Notwithstanding, it is certain that, among the butterflies, the prepara- tory stages of such allied forms are often found to be abundantly distinct, as in the case of the Graptas C album, Satyrus and Comma, all of which, judging by the imago alone, might be considered as one species, and indeed have been by expert lepidopterists. Yet, the larvae of all of them being known, they are shown to be not merely distinct species but separated by a much wider interval than are many others. On the other hand, and exactly the reverse of this, imagos undeniably distinct may prove to be but one and the same species, as in the case of the two varieties of Interrogationis and the three of Ajax. No doubt very many of the present names of species of butterflies are to be re- garded as provisional, always subject to rectification. But before the first step can be taken towards correct knowledge, differing forms of imago must be distinguished by name so as to be recognised and their study faciliated, instead of being thrown together indiscriminately, and lost sight of as varieties of this or that species, when in most cases absolutely nothing is known about them, and any opinion is, at best, but guess-work. But when such forms are found by breeding from the egg to be only varieties, they will take their proper places in the Catalogues and yet lose no- thing of interest, and will help to form the material by which the naturalists of the happy future will read clearly the riddles that as yet perplex us. ©3EAF®Ao SLATYRUS. 1. 2. 6; 3. ¥; 4. E.AH.VA. ZETHAR.IT S. 5. 6. 5; 7. ¥; 8.EAFCVA; 9. CHRYSALIS. GRAPTA VI. io C GRAPTA SATYRUS. Grapta Satyrus , (Sat'-y-rus) Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870. Male. — Expands 2 inches. Primaries moderately incised and dentated; tail long, tapering; anal angle produced. Upper side uniform yellow-fulvous, dusky at base, and spotted with blackish brown; marginal borders narrow, often obsolete next margin, so that but a line or stripe of brown remains within ; a large subapical spot on costal margin of prima- ries, and a second covering the arc, sub-rectangular, dilated on costa; other spots as in Comma and allied species; marginal border of secondaries preceded by a series of irregular pale brown or ferruginous patches, usually more or less obsolete, but sometimes crossing the entire wing; a large blackish spot on middle of costal margin, another in cell, the two often confluent, and a small spot at origin of the upper median nervules; fringes dark brown, white in the emarginations. Under side marbled in shades of brown, more or less suffused with yellow; the basal area, occupying nearly half the wings, limited by a line that is angular on primaries, wavy in secondaries, as in Comma, on the inner side of which the shade of brown is darkest; in cell of primaries three elongated brown spots edged by darker lines, the extra basal space more or less tinted with yellow, much covered with fine, abbreviated, ferruginous streaks ; apex of primaries yellow-brown, some- times tinted with olivaceous, enclosing three ferruginous points and limited below by a ferruginous line running back from the angle of margin ; sub-apical patch greyish-white; incision bordered by a broad band which anteriorly is black and en- closes luteous lunules; secondaries have a similar but abbreviated border next above the tail, and posteriorly traces of such a border, obsolete; a sub- marginal ferruginous or olivaceous arc from anal angle to tail, and similar colored subapical patch; both wings crossed by an extra discal row of black dots, not complete except at the extremities; silver mark shaped like an inverted C, large, open, often very slender, barbed at lower extremity. Body fulvous above, beneath either yellow-grey or vinous ; legs pale buff, pro- legs vinous, with blackish stripe on front ; palpi buff below, fulvous at tip ; antennae dark brown above, buff below; club black, buff' at tip. GRAPTA VI. Female. — Same size. Similar in form and on upper side similar in color and markings ; beneath nearly uniform wood, or olivaceous brown, or vinous, with markings as in male, but indistinct and more or less obsolete; silver mark very slender and open, slightly barbed. Found in the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado, and in California and Oregon. I am indebted to It. H. Stretch, Esq., for the drawing of the larva, and the following description. Mature Larva. Head black, angular, bilobed, spiny and with a spiny tuber- cle at each of the upper angles; color of body black with a broad, greenish- white dorsal stripe, which on the anterior segments is clouded with black ; on each seg- ment, on this stripe, is a fine Y-shaped black mark having its angle at the dorsal spine; the spines form seven rows; the dorsal greenish-wliite, wanting on the first four segments ; the first lateral row of same color, present on all segments from the second; the second lateral row black, the third greenish- white, wanting on the first four and terminal segments, and springing from an infra-stigmatal line of same color; all the spines are thinly covered with short, bristling, concolored hairs, except that those near the tips of the white spines are blackish. Found on nettles, (Urtica) at Congress Springs, Santa Clara Co., California. Mr. Henry Edwards also writes, San Francisco, 26th March 1872. “The larva Ho. 4 on your plate is same as one I raised last year, which produced the male I now send you (Satyrus) . I had two others exactly like it, but they died before coming to maturity. Their food was the stinging nettle and I could not get any of this plant in the city to keep them alive. I mention this to show that the coloring of the larva is constant, as if the same in four individuals, it is pretty good proof that the likeness extends throughout the species.” Satyrus forms one of the remarkable group, the several members of which re- semble one or other of the phases of C album, and to which I have referred in the notes to Comma. It as yet has nowhere been found common. Mr. Mead saw not more than half a dozen specimens in Colorado, where Zephyrus was abundant. I have also received it from the Island of San Juan, taken in company with G. Silenus. GRAPTA VI. GRAPTA ZEPHYRUS. Grapta Zephyrus (Zeph'-y-rus), Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870. Male. — Expands 1.8 to 2 indies. Primaries deeply incised, moderately dentated ; secondaries have posteriorly three prominent dentations, usually equal, sometimes the second produced; tail long, united at base with third dentation; outer angle strongly produced, and margin deeply incised. Upper side fiery-red fulvous, fading into yellow fulvous on disk; primaries have a narrow fuscous border often suffused with ferruginous, preceded throughout by a series of elongated yellow lunules; the border of secondaries still narrower, often interrupted, sometimes ferruginous, and supporting large yellow lunules, which are rather indistinct in outline, and always confluent; primaries have a large subapical ferruginous patch, a smaller one near inner angle; a large black spot, depressed, covering the arc, frequently much dilated on costa; five small black spots arranged as in the allied species; secondaries have the outer limb more or less irrorated with ferruginous, forming a sort of band anterior to the yellow lunules; a large black patch on middle of costa and a small sub-triangular spot on arc, sometimes connected with the patch; fringes fuscous at tips of nervules and somewhat on the interspaces, mixed irregularly with yellow and white. Under side grey-brown, but varying much in individuals, in some the grey shade predominating, giving a hoary appearance to the whole surface, others quite dark, but all densely covered with fine, abbreviated lines darker than the ground; the basal space is usually brown, limited on the disk by a moderately irregular outline, very closely as in Gracilis and Progne , well defined except against cell of primaries ; in the cell three elongated brown spots edged with black, two being in line next sub-costal and the third against the space that is between the two others and next median; both wings have an extra-discal complete row of black points, edged by luteous scales, often conspicuously, except those on costal margin of primaries which are edged anteriorly by small pure white lunations; three dark brown serrated spots at apex; the incision bordered by a cinereous, sometimes plumbaginous, wavy line, edged anteriorly by velvety black ; on sec- ondaries a similar line, but interrupted beyond the tail and frequently there obsolete; costal margin of primaries marked with irregular patches of dark brown and grey white; edge of inner margin of same wings and of costal of secondaries beaded with brown and white; discal silver spot narrow, bent at an angle of about fifty degrees, not barbed, but acuminate at either extremity, the limbs either of even length or the lower one shorter. Body fulvous, beneath grey-brown; legs grey; palpi grey, blackish in front GRAPTA VI. and at tip; antennse brown annulated with whitish beneath; club black, yellow at tip. Female. — Same size. Upper side less intense, margins more yellow; beneath lighter colored than most males, but similarly marked. Mature Larva. — Length 1.5 inch. Body furnished with six rows of many branching spines; head black, with short black spines at vertices; segments from second to eighth, both inclusive, bright buff inclining to orange; remaining segments pure white. Along the sides are two waved orange lines uniting irregularly; the interspaces, which are buff or white, according as they are anterior or posterior, are marked with black dots; above the orange lines are some faint black lines, and some black patches are discernible at the base of lateral spines; spiracles black, broadly bordered with white; under side dull flesh color; feet and pro-legs black with pinkish tinge. Chrysalis. — Length 1 inch. Color brown, the general shape as in Comma, but the mesonotal process more prominent and rounded; the palpi cases more produced and compressed at base; the upper tubercles silvered. To Mr. Henry Edwards I am indebted for the foregoing description of the larva and chrysalis, and to Mr. Stretch for the drawings reproduced on the plate. Mr. Edwards informs me that this larva was taken by him in July, 1871, in the Yo Semite Valley, and was feeding on Azalia occidentalis, a most unexpected food-plant for larvae of Grapta. It was raised to maturity, the change to chrysalis occuring 29th of July, and the butterfly emerged 15th of August. The similarity of this larva to that of C album is remarkable, inasmuch as the butterflies belong to different groups of the genus, while the larvae of Comma and Satyrus, which species in the imago resemble phases of C album, are wholly unlike the larva of the latter. In the description of Zephyrus, I have spoken of the three elongated spots in cell of primaries on under surface. These are found, similar in shape and scarcely varying in position, in all the smaller Graptas. In Progne there are very rarely in- stances of same peculiarity, but almost invariably the two upper spots are united and produced so as to form a long, narrow band running from subcostal obliquely to median at base, and the third spot is produced in the same manner and runs paral- lel to the other. Out of numbers of Graptas of other species, I have found no instance of these parallel bands except in Progne. In the figure of C Argenteum, (synonymous with Progne) in Kirby’s Fauna Bor. Amer. these stripes are well in- dicated. GRAPTA VI. In Grapta Interrogations there are also found three cellular spots, but dif- ferent in shape and position from those before mentioned; one being sub-rhom- boidal, depending from subcostal and running obliquely back to a point on a central line from base; just below this spot and a little anterior, and separated, starting from the central line, is another spot of nearly same shape that extends to median, the two forming a broken line; near base, running with the central line is the third spot, small, long oval. In J album, which should be classed with the Graptas, very much such an arrangement of the three spots occurs as in Interroga- tions, but the two outer spots are connected at their angles on the central line, and the smaller one is much enlarged. In the true Vanessans there are also three cel- lular spots, but more widely differing still from those of the small Graptas. In Antiopa the lower spot is turned obliquely to the upper, the position of this last and the basal spot being much as in Interrogations. In Milbertii the two outer spots are large and confluent forming a broad zigzag band across cell; the third spot does not run with the central line but crosses it obliquely from its origin on median near base. In Calif ornica the arrangement is much as in Milbertii. Such features illustrate affinities, and also show how a genus becomes broken into groups with a tendency to further division. Zephyrus was taken abundantly by Mr. Mead, during the mouth of August f 1871, in Colorado, and was found throughout the State wherever collections were made, frequently in company with a small species allied to Faunus, to which I have given the name of Hylas , and of Vanessa Antiopa. Mr. Mead writes, “On the 28th, on South Park road, in the mountains about twenty miles from the Park, I found a large, smooth rock, exposed to the sun, on which were -several Graptas, Zephyrus and a species numbered three [Hylas). On this rock and in immediate vicinity I captured twenty Zephyrus and five of the other. I had previously, on the 16th, found both species together in the vicinity of Berthoud’s Pass, where fifteen of the smaller one were taken with a few Zephyrus, on a small patch of flowers high up the mountain. These were the only occasions on which the small Grapta {Hylas) was seen.” I have also received Zephyrus from Nevada, and from Fort Simpson, Mackenzies Biver. sfb^ ■ HaEXfllEMrailg. - I. Drawn ^7 Mary Peart. Bowen & C° lith. Th.itf' PROSERPINA. 12. 5.3.4 2. LIMENITIS I. LIMENITI8 PROSERPINA. 1—4. Limeniiis Proserpina , (Pros-er'-pi-na,) % , Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. 1865, p. 148; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. I, p 286, 1867. Male. Expands 2.25 inches. Upper side black, secondaries only haying a slight bluish (occasionally green- ish) tinge ; hind margins of secondaries bordered by a double row of blue (or green) crescents ; the submarginal row is continued on primaries, but is indistinct, almost obsolete ; beyond the crescents, on secondaries, is a row of russet spots surmounted by blue (or green) scales, which are more or less conspicuous ; in some specimens the russet spots are distinct across the whole wing, in some two or three only are seen, and in others they are_altogether wanting ; the blue scales or spots make a circular band across secondaries, and are continued across primaries with more or less distinctness (often becoming whitish) to the costa, and correspond with the white band of under surface ; the contour of this band above is like that of Arthe- mis, and it terminates on the costa in a white streak ; there is also a white subapi- cal spot divided into two or three by the nervules; emarginations white. Under side brown, varying in shade from blackish to russet, and in this re- spect and in markings remarkably like Arthemis , except that the white band of the latter is here always slight and sometimes partly wanting ; both wings have a dou- ble row of blue (or green) crescents, preceded by a row of rounded russet spots, large on secondaries, and on these, edged above and below with black ; the spot at inner angle of primaries is wanting ; above the russet spots is a curved whitish band or streak, common to both wings, sometimes half the width of the band of Arthemis , but sometimes indicated by a few scales only above the russet spots ; the subapical spot and costal streak of upper side repeated conspicuously ; base of wings marked by russet spots edged with black ; between these are metallic blue (or green) natches as in Arthemis. Body below white ; fore legs white ; palpi white, edged with black ; antennae and club black, tipped with ferruginous. Female. Expands 2.5 inches. Similar in markings. This fine species I first noticed in the Catskills, in 1868, when a single male in not very good condition was taken. In 1867, I found it abundant in the Stoney Clove and from 2nd to 4th July, took several fresh specimens. In the latter part of July and first ten days of August 1868, I saw many more, of both sexes, both LIMENITIS 1. in Stoney Clove and upon the Clove road, south of the Mountain House, hut all were much rubbed and broken. They should be sought for early in July in that region. In the collection of Mr Charles Wilt, of Philadelphia, are two females, from one of which the figure in the plate is taken. These specimens are rather lar- ger than those found in the Catskills. They are understood to have been taken in the Mountains of Pennsylvania, hut in what locality is not now known, as they were supposed to he a variety of Ursula. Proserpina has the same habits, and, in the Catskills, the same season, as Ar- themis, with which it associates, frequenting the forest paths, rarely seen in the open country, and always attracted hy any animal matter. It is much less abundant than Arthemis, and is more shy and difficult of capture, flying into the trees at the slightest alarm. It unites the characters of Ursula and Arthemis in a singular manner. Excepting the white band on primaries, the upper surface is that of Ur- sula, while the lower is very near Arthemis, varying in shades of ground color from dark to light brown and reddish-brown as does the latter species. Mr. Scudder has not noticed Proserpina among the White Mountains, but it will probably be found there. *«v K ^ I^EMIi:KFIIT2l I3L WEIDEMEYERII. 12 6 3.4.9. LIMENITIS II. LIMENITIS WEIDEMEYERII. 1—4. Limenitis Weidemeyerii , Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1861. Male. Expands 2.6 inches. Upper side brownish -black with a broad, common, white band a little beyond the middle of wings, bent towards costa on primaries and tapering posteriorly on secondaries, divided into long spots by the black nervures ; outside the band, on secondaries, a row of fulvous spots more or less obsolete ; on both wings a submar- ginal series of small white spots, minute or obsolete on secondaries; anterior to these, on costal margin of primaries, a short, transverse row of four white spots, the second from costa largest, the fourth minute. Under side paler with the band and costal spots as above ; the fulvous spots on secondaries large ; a common, sub-marginal series of large lunules, (bluish- white except towards apex, where the inner portion is white,) cut transversely and unequally by a crenated black line that is parallel to the margin ; on primaries a ferruginous bar upon the arc, followed within the cell successively by blue atoms, a bluish-white bar, ferruginous patch, and the blue atoms near base ; costa ferru- ginous ; on secondaries, the entire abdominal margin up to median and the costa next base, bluish-white, the nervures being heavy and black ; rest of basal space between costal and median blue-grey, crossed irregularly by black stripes. Body above black, abdomen beneath white, with a white stripe laterally ; legs black, white on under side ; palpi white, black above ; antennae and club black. Female. Expands 3 inches ; similar in colors and markings to male. Larva unknown. Found in Colorado ; common in vicinity of Pike’s Peak, according to Mr. Bidings, who collected in that region in 1864. MMMlligo r t, OPo QtTINI. 1.2. $.3.4^$ LIMENITIS III. LIMENITIS LOBQUINI. 1—4. Limenitis Lorquini, Boisduval, Ann. Ent. Soc. France, 1852. Male. Expands 2.4 inches. Upper side dark velvety brown except the apex and upper part of hind mar- gin of primaries, which is fulvous ; both wings crossed by a yellowish- white medi- an band separated into spots by the nervules and bent forward nearly at right an- gles on costal margin of primaries ; midway between the band and apex an abbre- viated row of four small white spots depending from the costa ; near anal angle two small, rather indistinct, fulvous spots ; fringes dark brown, white in the emargina- tions. Under side ferruginous except base and inner margin of primaries, which are fuscous, and base of secondaries which is fuscous mottled with ferruginous ; the spots as on upper side, but in addition, a submarginal common series of bluish- white lunules and sagittate spots, each, except the apical, edged above with fuscous. Shoulder and abdominal margin of secondaries broadly bordered with bluish- white, and the ferruginous spots of basal space partly covered with same color. Body dark brown above, with a lateral white line near extremity of abdomen ; thorax grey and fulvous ; legs fuscous ; palpi white, dark brown above ; antennae and club dark brown, tip ferruginous. Female. Expands 2.7 inches. In color and markings similar to the male. According to Dr. Behr, “the caterpillar feeds on willows and looks very like that of Dissippus as figured by Boisduval and Leconte, the fleshy spines of the neck being considerably shorter and whole coloration of a brighter green.” Mr. Henry Edwards says of the imago, “It is always found where Willows grow, fly- ing up and down pathways in the hottest sunshine. It alights frequently and is an easy prey to the collector. I have never found it far from the vicinity of water.” 2-0*5.% Drawn. Vy Mary Pe art. . Bowen & C°,]i£h Phil?' BRED OWII. 12. 3. 3. % LIMENITIS IV. LIMENITIS BEEDOWII. 1—3. Limenitis Bredowii, Hubner, Zutrage v, pi. 10. Eulalia , Doubleday, Gen. Diur. Lep., pi. 36. Bois. Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr., 1852. Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862. Californica, Butler Male. Expands nearly three inches. Upper side velvety olive brown, deepest on outer limb ; hind margins bordered by a broad crenated band, ( paler than disk, ) through which runs a dark line ; a large golden yellow apical spot fills the space between the marginal band and the narrow costal border of primaries ; across the disk a common white band, com- mencing on costa of primaries with a large spot cut into three by the nervures, fol- lowed by a second, oval, separated from the first by a wide space and out of line in the direction of inner angle ; after this, the band is uninterrupted except by the brown nervures, and diminishes to a point a little within abdominal margin ; on arc of primaries, a narrow ferruginous bar and another in the cell, each edged by black wavy lines ; a similar line midway between the bars ; at anal angle a black spot within a ferruginous lunule ; fringes brown, white in the emarginations. Under side pale brown, with a bronze lustre on secondaries ; primaries have a broad, brown hind margin, crenated next inner angle, with a faint pale blue line running through it and edged anteriorly by a narrow pale blue band ; sub-apical spot as above, paler ; below this to inner margin dark velvety brown ; the white band as above ; bars in cell large, pale fulvous ; marginal border of secondaries narrow, crenated, enclosing a blue line and bordered anteriorly by a broad blue band ; the white band is edged without and at its extremity suffused with pale blue in- clining to purple ; beyond to base bars of blue alternating with yellow-brown from costal to median nervures ; abdominal margin blue, especially next base ; the ner- vures about base much bordered by blue. Body above olive-brown, beneath white ; palpi white below, brown above ; antennse and club dark brown. This beautiful species connects the genera of Limenitis and Heterochroa. It is found more or less throughout California, especially in the southern counties, frequenting wooded valleys, and is of similar habits to Lorquini. Respecting its habits Mr. Henry Edwards writes, “ This is a far more local insect than Lorquini, and is never found in any great numbers. Its usual haunts are in snady canons and by the side of creeks. Its flight is slow and graceful and it occasionally floats along with outspread wings for a considerable distance. It frequently alights near small pools of water and is greatly attracted by any offen- sive odor. I have more than once seen it in the vicinity of slaughter houses, alighting upon the foul drainage from these places.” Of the larva, I am unable to obtain any information. % E. DraTwn "by Mary Peart P SBtJBAR G-I OLIJ S 1. 2. 3 3. ?. irsnE GLE PP,A;. 4.5. 5 6.? Bowen & C° litb. Tlnl® LYCA3NA II. LYCiENA PSEUDAKGIOLUS. 1—3. Lycse.no, Pseudargiolus, Boisduval, Bois. & Lee. Lep. des Amer. p. 118, text, not plate. Ed- wards, Proc. Am. Ent. Soc. 1866. Argiolus, Abbot & Smith, Ins. Greo. pi. 15. Neglecta , Harris, Ins. Mass. 2nd. edition, page 274, text, not plate. Male. Expands 1.4 inch. Upper side delicate pale blue with a pink tinge ; costa of primaries silvery ; hind margins edged by a black line which sometimes is expanded upon the apical part of primaries into a border ; fringes black and white on primaries, white on secondaries. Under side white, sometimes pure, but oftener with a greyish tinge ; the spots and markings pale black or brown, often nearly or quite wanting ; when distinct, primaries have a discal streak, a transverse row of six spots, mostly elongated, the third, fourth and fifth turned obliquely, the sixth frequently wanting ; a marginal row of dots each preceded by a serrated tooth. Secondaries have three dots in a transverse row near the base ; a discal streak; a row of eight minute spots across the disk, the two next costa much in advance of the others, the next four and the eighth nearly parallel to the margin, the seventh back of the line ; the margin bordered by a row of black points, each preceded by a serrated tooth as on primaries. Body above blue, below white ; palpi black above, white below, tipped with white ; antennae black, ringed with white ; club black tipped with ferruginous. Female. Same size. The apical half of costal margin and the whole of hind margin of primaries and costal of secondaries broadly, and basal half of primaries narrowly, edged with black ; the rest of primaries violet-blue, (sometimes lilac or green) except a large whitish patch on the disk ; secondaries a duller blue, not metallic ; the hind mar- gin edged by. a row of small, rounded, blackish spots. Under side purer white * than the average of males. Fringes as in the male. Larva unknown except as given in the plates of Abbot and Smith and in Boisduval and Leconte. The description accompanying the latter is as follows ; “Head black ; body green, pubescent ; back yellowish ; a dorsal red stripe, inter- rupted, cut transversely near the middle by a red arc which is concave posteriorly ; sides with oblique stripes of darker shade than the ground color ; above the legs a stripe of obscure green.” LYCiENA II. The figure in Abbot represents the head as red ; body green ; a dorsal black stripe uninterrupted ; sides with oblique black stripes ; and therefore differs mate- rially from Boisduval’s description, as it does also from bis figure. The present species is found in Virginia, Ohio, and in the mountainous dis- tricts as far south as Georgia ; also in Pennsylvania and occasionally in New York. I have often seen it in the months of May and June, upon the Alleghanies of Virginia, sauntering listlessly along scarcely faster than the lumbering, old-fash- ioned stage coach which still forms the medium of travel in those picturesque re- gions. Its large wings and disproportionately slender body give this species a slower and more tortuous and tremulous flight than any other of our eastern Lycsenidse. On the Kanawha River it is rather a common species during its season, the males somewhat frequenting the roads, especially where they skirt the edges of the woods, but very much preferring the brooksides in the forest. The females are rarely to he seen in the same localities, but are found in the more open woods among shrubs and low plants. The second brood appears in July anu is much less nu- merous than the first. At this season, the channels of the small streams are near- ly dry, and lying as they always do in this region, between lofty and abrupt hills, serve as a highway for many butterflies, Melitseas, Graptas and others. Many may be here taken that are not often seen elsewhere, as the rare P. Tarquinius and Eu- damus Cettus. This last named is exceedingly rare and very local in its habits. Mr. Ridings, while spending some weeks with me, in 1867, discovered a weather beaten log lying across one of these streams in the depths of the forest, on which for an hour or two the mid-day sun shone and on and about which he captured many specimens of Cellus, returning for several successive days for the purpose. I was formerly under the impression that the males of all butterflies were very much more numerous than the females. They usually appear earlier and may be on the wing from a week to a fortnight, according to the species, before a female is seen. But I now incline to think the sexes nearly equal in number. This is the result of my experience in rearing from the larvae. The females would naturally be in the neighborhood of the plants upon which their larvae feed, and upon which, the eggs are to be deposited. These are likely to be away from the flowers or the spots frequented by the males and remote ; consequently as a rule far more males are taken by collectors than females. Abbot & Smith figured the present species under the name Argiolus, consid- ering it identical with the European species of that name, which it strikingly resem- bles in size and color of its upper surface, though differing beneath in several respects. Boisduva.1 and Leconte describe Pseudargiolus with no reference to Abbot and Smith’s figures or name, but refer to the true Argiolus as very near their species. L YCJIN A II, as their name also indicates. In the description they make repeated comparisons with Argiolus, and close by saying ; “the tint of the under side, the size of the black dots and the marginal lunules easily distinguish this species from Argiolus” all which is correct as between the males of the two species in question. They also describe the fringes of the male as white cut with black implying the fringe of both wings. Of the female they say ; “The upper side is of a paler and less violet blue, with a large black border upon the forewings and a marginal series of points of same color nearly as in the female of Argiolus. At the extremity of the discal cell of forewings is likewise a small black arc. The fringe of forewings is cut with black.” This description of the female is that of the species figured by Abbot and Smith. The figure of female on the plate also represents that species, and follows the text. But the description of the male, except in its comparisons with Argio- lus, and the figure corresponding on the plate, seems not to indicate the Argiolus of Abbot and Smith, any more than Neglecta or Violacea. The figures rather rep- resent the former of these two, especially in the long white fringe to hind wings, while the text describes the fringe of Violacea, that is, white cut with black on both wings. It is very difficult to determine closely allied species from any but the most carefully executed plates and in the case of Pseudargiolus, I think it prob- able the description was intended to cover what were considered varieties of one species. In this rather confused state of things it seems to me proper to fix the name Pseudargiolus upon that species which is nearest the true Argiolus, and which is also the one figured by Abbot and Smith. The figures of Pseudargiolus in Harris represent Lucia, Kirby; at least, the under side is of that species, while the text describes Neglecta, Edw. which replaces Pseudargiolus in the Northern States. The plant figured in our plate is the Sand Blackberry, B. cuneifolius, common in Virginia. o LYCAENA NEGLECTA. 4—6. Lycse.na neglecta , Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1862. Pseudargiolus, Harris, Insects Massachusetts, 2nd edition, page 274, (text). Male. Expands 1.1 inch. Upper side of primaries delicate azure-blue, paler in the disk and silvery on costal margin ; secondaries greyish-blue, with a broad azure margin ; both wings edged by a black line which expands towards apex of primaries into a narrow bor- der and runs a little way along costal margin ; fringe of primaries white cut with black at tips of the nervures ; of secondaries also sometimes cut with black, but usually wholly white. LYCiENA II. Under side pure white with a bluish tint ; primaries have a fuscous discal streak and a transverse row of six fuscous, abbreviated streaks set obliquely ; secondaries have a discal streak, three points near base and eight points or streaks crossing the disk in a tortuous line ; both wings bordered by confluent fuscous spots, which form a crenated band, each spot enclosing a darker point. Female. Same size. Upper sides of both wings of a deeper and more metallic blue ; primaries have a broad fuscous hind margin, and this color extends more narrowly along costal margin to base, where it is sprinkled with blue scales ; a faint discal streak ; hind margin of secondaries bordered by a row of small fuscous spots. Under side as in the male. Larva, according to Mr. Saunders “found feeding on Dogwood, 12th July. Fed it afterwards on Willow, which it readily ate. Length .45, somewhat onisci- form, distinctly annulated. Head small, dark shining brown with a black streak down the middle, mandibles brown with a transverse streak of paler color above. Body dull greenish white with a faint tinge of yellow ; the second segment of a deeper shade of green, with a blackish line across its posterior edge ; a brown dor- sal line ; a dull green band across anterior portion of fifth segment and another in same position on eleventh ; on each side of each segment, from fifth to eleventh, a spot of same hue extending obliquely backward. Entire upper surface covered with minute dots from which arise short, fine hairs.” Found in the Northern States from New England to Wisconsin; in Canada and in British America as far north as Lake Winnipeg ; occasional in W. Virginia. This species replaces Pseudargiolus in the North and has usually been regard- ed as the species so named. It differs however in size, in shade of color and in the delicacy of markings on under surface. The existence of two distinct species confounded under the name Pseudargio- lus was suspected by Mr. Edward Doubleday as long ago as 1841, as appears from remarks by him in the “Entomologist” of that year, page 209. Neglecta is by no means a common species. So far as my own experience goes in the Northern States I have seldom seen more than two or three individuals up- on a June day. At certain spots in the Catskills, especially near the “Fawns Leap” in the Clove south of the Mountain House, a few may always be seen at that season flying about the wet spots by the road side. ' But in June 1866, in the. vicinity of Coalburgh, W. Va., Neglecta appeared in large numbers, while I scarcely saw a doz- en Pseudargiolus , usually so abundant. In the following years to the present (1869), Neglecta has again been rare in this district. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. Papilio Ajax. — The chrysalids mentioned in the text as haying passed over the winter of 1871 — 2, commenced yielding imagos in February and continued till 12th April, with the following results: From 1st and 2nd brood Walshii — 2?, 2?, Telamonides, 1 $, Marcettus. From Walshii of 23rd May — 7 $, 2?, Telamonides , 1?, Marcellus. From Telamonides of 27th May — 7 $, 3?, Telamonides. From Telamonides of 28th May — 3?, 3$, Telamonides. From Marcellus of 1st and 4th June — 13c?, 23?, Telamonides, 3 ?, Marcellus. From Marcellus of 29th July — 14?, 13 ?, Telamonides. Total 46 $, 46 ?, Telamonides, 1 $, 4 ?, Marcellus, and no Walshii. Nevertheless, between the 11th of April and 1st of May, Walshii was exceed- ingly abundant on the wing, and up to 29th of April, Mr. Mead, who was with me, had taken 63 specimens, while he had taken or seen but one Telamonides. Soon after 1st of May, the latter variety appeared in small numbers, too early evidently to have sprung from Walshii of this year. By 25th of May, Telamonides suddenly appeared in such force as to make it certain that they had now begun to come from the larvae produced from eggs of Walshii. But why not one of nearly one hun- dred chrysalids, from so many broods of 1871, and of all the varieties, should yield Walshii, while out of doors this variety was so abundant and for weeks the only one flying, is surprising. The same thing had happened with chrysalids carried over the winter of 1868 — 9, when of 32 imagos but one was Walshii. As the chrys- alids were kept in the house and the imagos emerged prematurely, some of them by several weeks, owing to the warm temperature, it is possible that the artificial acceleration may have had to do with producing the later varieties at the ex- pense of the earlier, or Walshii. Neophasia Mexapia. — The figure given on the plate as the female is erro- neous. Until quite lately the two sexes were supposed to be similar, but specimens taken on San Juan Island by Dr. Bremner, show a wide difference. Female. — Size of male. Color yellowish or soiled white ; the black apical patch enlarged, the five enclosed spots being yellowish; costal stripe as in male; secondaries have a broad black border enclosing on the margin a series of separated, rounded yellowish spots that occupy the interspaces from outer angle to lower SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. branch of median nervure, each spot posteriorly and at the edge of the margin being orange; abdominal margin orange tinted. Under side yellow; primaries marked as above, but secondaries have- all the nervures broadly bordered with black scales, which, beyond the disk, nearly fill the interspaces; the black marginal band as above, the spots smaller; an orange patch on edge of margin in each interspace; costal and abdominal margin orange. Colias Eurytheme. — From Mr. Hay hurst I have received 'an admirably executed drawing of the egg, larva and chrysalis of this species. The egg is long, fusiform, ribbed longitudinally. Length of mature larva 1.4 inch; cylindrical, tapering posteriorly from 11th segment; head green, translucent; body dark green, somewhat pilose, each segment transversely creased; a narrow white lateral band from second to last segment, through the middle of which runs a broken line of Vermillion red. This larva is a little longer and larger than that of O. Philodice, which it much resembles, but is without the series of semi-circular black spots next under the lateral band, usually seen on the latter. The eggs were deposited on Buffalo Grass, (Trifolium reflexum) and the larvae fed thereon. Chrysalis .95 inch in length; cylindrical, tapering to a point posteriorly; the head case also produced to a point; mesonotal process rounded and not very prominent; a whitish lateral line runs from wing cases to extremity of abdomen, above which is a black stripe that crosses two or three of the upper abdominal segments. The shape differs from that of Philodice, in the attenuation of the head case and lesser prominence of the process; also in absence of the abdominal markings. This description however is given from the drawing. Colias Alexandra. — This species was found by Mr. Mead to be very com- mon in certain localities in Colorado. “It was first observed about June 15th, when four males were taken near the South Park; elevation 9000 feet. On 21st, at Turkey Creek Junction, 27 $ and 7 $ were taken, all in fine condition. But one or two of the females were albinos, this variety being exceedingly rare. The last Alexandra was taken August 28th. The eggs were laid upon Lupinus.” From an egg sent me, a magnified drawing has been made by Mr. Konopicky. The shape is fusiform, like that of egg of Eurytheme, and it is longitudinally fur- nished with 18 or 20 ribs, between which throughout are transverse ribs of less prominence. Argynnis Diana. — This butterfly continues to be the rarest of its genus. A few individuals appear about the first day of July, in Kanawha, when the milk-weeds (Asclepia) are in bloom, the flowers of which are very attractive to all butterflies. But it is only upon such patches of this plant as are near the SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. forest that it need be looked for. My garden is on the river side not more than forty rods from the woods and planted with flowers in masses expressly to at- tract butterflies, Petunias, Single Zinnias, Phloxes, Vs ^ DATES OF ISSUE OF PARTS 1-10. v N . nl V u> r -r n3 ? V 7 l'" xj- 13 V5 yt vy y> ,3C> v \j- f) -3 6- v? HI V? , Y) Vp sr %'S Mb Mr Ho 1 <-/) tVl Mr ft) 7 Z.7 l°i lb a’L V/ ?? S'b Of idb HfL N / Sr bb M 6b V? 57 0 W? 3^ tb *0 35 ^0 Part 1. — June, 1868 (on cover April, 1868). — Containing Argynnis Diana , A. Cybele, A. Aphrodite , A. Nokomis , A. Atlantis. Part 2. — October, 1868 (on cover August, 1868). — Containing Argynnis Cal - lippe, A. Hesperis, Colias Alexandra , (7. Chippewa ( Helena ), (7. Behrii, C. Christina, Apatura Alicia. Part 3. — May, 1869 (on cover December, 1868), — Containing Argynnis Monti- cola, A. Halcyone, Limenitis Proserpina, Lyceena Violacea, L. Lygdamas, Thecla Lceta, T. Acadica. Part 4. — September, 1869 (on cover April, 1869). — Containing Argynnis Leto, Colias Eurytheme, C. Keewaydin, Limenitis Weiderneyerii, Thecla Ontario, T. Strigosa. Part 5. — April, 1870 (on cover December, 1869). — Containing Argynnis Ed- wardsii, Colias Eurydice, Limenitis Lorquini, Grapta Faunus, Lyccena Pseudargiolus, L. Neglecta. Part 6. — August, 1870 (on cover June, 1870). — Containing Argynnis Belirensii, A. Zerene, Colias Edwardsii, Anthocharis Beakirtii, A. Cooperii, Limenitis Calif ornica ( Bredowii ). Part 7. — March, 1871 (on cover January, 1871). — Containing Parnassius Cla- rius, P. Clodius, Colias Occidentalis, Anthocharis Sara, Melitcea Clialcedon, Paphia Glycerium. Part 8. — September, 1871 (on cover August, 1871). — Containing Neophasia Menapia, Pieris Beckerii, P. Virginiensis, P. Vernalis, Argynnis JVeva- densis, Grapta. Comma, G. Dryas. Part 9. — January, 1872 (on cover December, 1871). — Containing Papilio Ajax, var. Walshii, var. Telamonides, var. Marcellas, Grapta Interrogations, var. Umbrosa, var. Fabricii. Part 10. — September, 1872 (on cover July, 1872). — Containing Parnassius Smintheus, P. Eversmanni, Grapta Satyrus, G. Zephyrus, Colias Meadii, C ^ C. Scudderii. Supplement. — January, 1873. — Containing new Plates of Argynnis , Diana, A. 5 ©o^ 3 3 Nokomis, A. Leto. Supplementary Notes. Index. Synopsis. ' 11 ’-/ty-lL" 3/ 3f A 53 131 Sf. Mr St o 0 n1 f V Mr ff 133 Mr A 1 00 1% l L I V If y 3^ 3? \Y 3? 1 V if 2/ V 7 4 n •* 5i 3? \K 7? '3? % it i f ^3 2 i 3 0 ?7 •>3 ?3 *«=»! /*? -y, ^7- sb 4- 3| ?5 |o )? UO 1 •2- 3 2 J 5 * l» b /'? • 3 ~~ TS IZO . Mr ti5 1-0 I 57 \h It l SYNOPSIS OP NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. V ! eA Jr BT WILLIAM H. EDWARDS, MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. PHILADELPHIA: THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1872. TEXT REPRINTED BOSTON: HOUGHTON, OSGOOD AND COMPANY. AUTHORS AND WORKS QUOTED IN SYNOPSIS. Abbot. — Insects of Georgia 1797 Agassiz. — Lake Superior. ........ 1850 American Entomologist, St. Louis. ...... 1869 — 70 Annals of the New York Lyceum of Natural History. . . . Annals de la Societe Entomologique de France. .... Behr. — Proceedings of the California Academy of Natural Sciences. . Boisduval. — leones historique des Lepidopteres. .... 1833 “ Species general des Lepidopteres, I. . . . 1836 “ Lepidopteres de la Californie. . .... 1869 Boisduval and LeConte. — Lepidopteres de l’Amerique septentrionale. 1833 Butler. — Catalogue of Satyridse in British Museum. .... 1868 Canadian Naturalist, Y 1857 Catalogue of the Museum of St. Petersburgh. ..... 1855 — 63 Cramer. — Papillons exotiques. ....... 1779 — 82 Curtis. — Boss’s Arctic Expedition. Appendix. ..... 1835 Doubleday, Hewitson & Westwood. — Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. 1846 — 52 Drury. — Illustrations of Exotic Entomology. .... 1770 — 82 D’Urban. — Canadian Naturalist, Y. ...... Edwards. — Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. “ Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia. . “ Transactions of the American Entomological Society. . “ Butterflies of North America. ..... 1868 — 72 Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, London. ..... Esper. — Die Europaischen Schmetterlinge. .... 1777 — 94 “ Die Auslandischen Schmetterlinge. .... 1785 — 98 Fabricius. — Systema Entomologise. . . . . . . 1775 “ Species Insectorum, II. . . . . . . 1781 “ Mantissa Insectorum, II. 1787 “ Entomologia Systematica, III. . . . . . . 1793 Felder. — Lepidopterologische Fragmente, Wien. .... 1859 “ Beise der Novara. ........ 1867 Fischer. — Entomographie de la Bussie. . . . . 1823 — 24 Fitch. — New York Agricultural Beport, III. , 1859 L C, h IY <] v ^ 1 Freyer. — Neuere Beitrage znr Schmetterlingskun.de. Geyer, in Hubner’s Exotischer Sckmetterlinge. . Godart.— Encyclopedic Methodique, IX. .... “ Duponchels’ Supplement. . ... Graslin. — Annals de la Societe Entomologique de France. Gray. — Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, XV. .... Grote and Robinson. — Annals X. Y. Lyceum of Natural History. Guerin. — Iconographie de Regne Animal. . . Harris. — New England Farmer. ...... Insects of Massachusetts, 2nd edition. Herbst. — Natursystem, Schmetterlinge. .... Herrich-Schseffer. — Europaischen Schmetterlinge. Hewitson. — Illustrations of Lycaenidse. .... Hiibner. — Sammlung Europaischer Schmetterlinge. Sammlung Exotischer Schmetterlinge. “ Verzeichniss bekannter Schmetterlinge. . . “ Zutrage zur Sammlung Exotischer Schmetterlinge. Kirby. — Fauna Boreali- Americana, IV. ... Kirtland. — Silliman’s American Journal, XIII. Lefebvre. — Annals de la Societe Entomologique de France. . Linnaeus. — Museum Ludovicae Ulricae Reginae. “ Sy sterna Naturae, II. ..... “ Mantissa, I. . . .... Lucas. — Papillons Exotiques. .... . Menetries. — Catalogue of the Museum of St. Petersburgh. “ Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. de Moscou. . . Moschler. — Wiener Entomologische Monatschrift. New England Farmer. . ....... New York Agricultural Reports, III. Nouvelle Memoires Societe Imperiale de Moscou, III. Packard. — Guide to the Study of Insects. ... Parker. — American Entomologist. ...... Poey. — Centurie Lepidopteres de l’ile de Cuba. *•' Memorias sobre la Historia natural de la Isla de Cuba. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia. “ “ California Academy of Natural Sciences. “ “ Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. “ “ Essex Institute, Salem, Mass. . 1831—58 1819 1832—42 1832 . 1844 1862 1800 1847—50 1793—1827 1816—24 1816 . 1818—25 1837 . 1836 1764 1767 1777 1835 1829 1859 1869 1870 1832 1851 y )*)! Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. .... “ “ Zoological Society of London. .... Rambur. — Faune Entomologique de l’Andalousie. . . . 1838 — 39 Reakirt. — Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. “ Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia. . Ridings. — Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia. . Riley. — American Entomologist Ross. — Arctic Expedition, Appendix. 1835 Saunders. — Packard’s Guide to Study of Insects. . . . Say. — American Entomology 1824 — 28 Scudder. — Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. . . “ Proceedings of the Essex Institute. ..... <,J Transactions of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. . . . . Silliman’s American Journal of Science and Arts, XIII. . . . 1836 Smith. — Abbot’s Insects of Georgia 1797 Sommer. — Boisduval’s leones. ........ Stoll. — Supplementband zu Cramers Papillons exotiques. . . 1787 — 96 Swainson’s Zoological Illustrations. ...... 1820 — 21 Thunberg. — Dissertatio Insecta Suecica, II. . .... 1791 Transactions of the American Entomological Society, Philadelnhia. . “ “ Entomological Society of London. .... “ “ Chicago Academy of Natural Sciences . . Westwood. — Humphrey’s British Butterflies. ..... 1848 Wiener Entomologische Monatschrift. ...... s^istofsis OF NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. PAPILIONIDj®. PAPILIO, Linn. 1. Philenor. Linn. Mant. I, p. 535. Drury, Exot. Ins. I, pi. 11. Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 445. Abbot, Ins. Geo. pi. 3. Godart, Enc. IX, p. 40. Say, Am. Ent. pi. 1. Bois. & Lee. pi. 11. Bois. Sp. Gen. p. 324. Astinous, Cramer, pi. 208. Hab. — Atlantic to Pacific. 2. Villiersii, Bois. Bois. & Lee. pi. 14. Bois. Spec. Gen. p. 325. Devilliers, Godart, Enc. IX, p. 810. Hab. — Florida; Cuba. 3. Zolicaon, Bois. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852. Hab. — California; Colorado. 4. Asterias, Drury, I, pi. 11. Cramer, pi. 385. Fabr. Mant. Ins. II, p. 2. Fabr. Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 6. Godart, Enc. IX, p. 58. Bois. & Lee. pi. 4. Bois. Spec. Gen. p. 332. Harris, Ins. Mass. p. 212. Troilus, Abbot, Ins. Geo. pi. 1. Yar. Brevicauda , Saunders, Packard’s Guide, p. 245. Hab. — Atlantic & Western States; Canada; Colorado; New Mexico. 5. Indra, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1866. Hab. — Colorado. 6. Bairdii, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1866. Hab. — New Mexico. 7. Calverleyi, $, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1864, pi. 10. Hab. — Long Island; Florida, (?, Mead). 2 SYNOPSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. 8. Troilus, Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulric. p. 187 ; Syst. Nat. II, p. 746. Drury, Exot. Ins. II, pi. 3. Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 444. Cramer, pi. 207. Go- dart, Enc. IX, p. 60. Bois. & Lee. pi. 10. Bois. Spec. Gen. 334. Ilioneus, Abbot, Ins. Geo. p. 2. Felder, Zool. Nov. Exped. Hab. — Atlantic, Southern and Western States. 9. Palamedes, Drury, Exot. Ins. I, p. 19. Cramer, pi. 93. Calchas, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 453. Godart, Enc. IX, p. 59. Bois. & Lee. pi. 5. Bois. Spec. Gen. p. 337. Sab. — Virginia to Florida; Gulf States. 10. Turnus, Linn. Mant. Ins. I, p. 536. Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 452; Sp. Ins. II, p. 16. Godart, Enc. IX, p. 55. Say, Am. Ent. Ill, pi. 40. Bois. & Lee. pi. 6, 7. Bois. Spec. Gen. p. 338. Lucas, Pap. Exot. var. $, pi. 18. Alcidamas, Cramer, pi. 38. 2 Glaucus, (black var.) Linn. Syst. Nat. II, p. 746. Cramer, pi. 139. Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 445. Godart, Enc. IX, p. 60. Bois. & Lee. pi. 8, 9. Bois. Spec. Gen. p. 335. Hab. — Atlantic, Gulf and Western States; British America, from Nova Scotia to Fort Simpson. 11. Rutulus, Bois. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852. Hab. — California; Colorado. 12. Eurymedon, Bois. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852. Var. Albanus, Felder, Zool. Nov. Exped. Hab. — California; Washington; Colorado. 13. Pilumnus, Bois. Spec. Gen. p. 340. Menetries, Cat. Mus. St. Petersb. pi. 7. Hab. — New Mexico. 14. Daunus, Bois. Spec. Gen. p. 342. Ridings, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1862, fig. Hab. — Colorado; New Mexico. 15. Cresphontes, Cramer, pi. 165, 166. Bois. & Lee. pi. 12, 13. Bois. Spec. Gen. p. 355. Hab. — Southern States; occasional in Illinois, Michigan, West Vir- ginia, Ontario. SYNOPSIS OP NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. 3 16. Ajax, Linn. Syst. Nat. II, p. 750. Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 455. Var. Walshii, Edwards, Butterflies of North America, Plate I of Papilio. Ajax, Bois. & Lee. text (not plate) p. 4; ibid. Spec. Gen. I, p. 258. Marcellus, Cramer, pi. 98. Sub-var. Abbotii, Edwards, plate above cited. Ajax, Abbot, Ins. Ga. pi. 4. Felder, Spec. Lepid. p. 15. Yar. Telamonides, Felder, Zool. Nov. Exped.; ibid. Spec. Lepid. p. 15. Edwards, Butterflies of North America, Plate II of Papilio. Ajax, Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 53. Bois. & Lee. pi. 1. (not text) Var. Marcellus, Boisduval. Bois. & Lee. p. 8, pi. 2; ibid. Spec. Gen. I, p. 257. Felder, Spec. Lepid. p. 15. Edwards, Butterflies of North America, Plate III of Papilio. Ajax, Esper, Eur. Schmett, I, pi. 51. Hiibner, Exot. Samml. Schmett. Hab. — Pennsylvania to Texas; Mississippi Valley. 17. Sinon, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 452. Cramer, pi. 317. Godart, Enc. IX, p. 53. Bois. & Lee. pi. 3. Bois. Spec. Gen. p. 260. Protesilaus, Drury, Exot. Ins. I, pi. 22. Hab. — Florida; Cuba. 18. Polydamas, Linn Mus. Lud. Ulric. p. 192. Drury, I, pi. 17. Cramer, pi. 211. Fabr. Sp. Ins. II, p. 8; Ent. Syst. I, p. 14. Godart, Enc. IX, p. 39. Bois. & Lee. pi. 15. Bois. Spec. Gen. p. 321. Hab. — Florida; Cuba; Mexico. PARN ASSIES, Latreille. 1. Clodius, Menetries, Enum. Corp. Anim. Mus. St. Petersb. I, p. 73. Bois. Lep. de la Cal. 1869. Edwards, Butterflies of North America, Plate I of Parnassius. Hab. — California; Montana. 2. Clarius, Bois. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852. Edwards, Plate above cited. Hab. — California; Nevada; Montana. 3. Smintheus, Doubleday, Gen. Diur. Lep. I, pi. 4. Edw., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1862; Butterflies ofN. America, PI. II, III of Parnassius. Intermedius, Menetries, Enum. Corp. Anim. Mus. St. Petersb. I, 72. ? Var. Sayii, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1863. fNomion, Bois. Ann. Ent. Soc. de Fr. 1852; Lep. de la Cal. 1869. dVar. Behrii, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870. Hab. — Rocky Mountains; Colorado; Montana. 4 SYNOPSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. 4. Eversmannii, Menetries, Eimm. Corp. Anirn. Mas. St. Petersb. I, p. 73, pi. 1. Scudder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1869. Sab. — Aliaska. LEPTALIS, Dalman. 1. Melite, Linn. Syst. Nat. II, p. 755. Cramer, pi. 153. Fabr. Ent. Syst. Ill, 1, 160. Swainson, Zool. Illust. 1st ser. pi. 22. Bois. Spec. Gen. p. 422. Sab. — New Mexico. NEOPHASIA, Bebr. 1. Menapia, Felder, Wien. Ent. Monats. III,p. 271, 1859. Edwards, Butterflies of North America, Plate I of Pieris. Tau, Scudder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861. Ninonia, Bois. Lep. de la Cal. 1869. Sab. — California; Oregon; North West Coast. PIERIS, Schrank. 1. Oleracea, Bois. Spec. Gen. 518. Scudder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861. Harris, New England Farmer, VIII, 402; Ins. Mass. p. 213; Agassiz, Lake Superior, pi. 7. Casta, Kirby, Fauna Bor. Am. IV, pi. 3. Cruciferarum, Bois. Spec. Gen. 519. Sab. — Maine to Colorado ; British America. 2. Frigid a, Scudder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861. Sab. — Labrador. 3. Castoria, Reakirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866. Reseda, Bois. Lep. de la Cal. 1869. 4. Rapae, Linn. Syst. Nat. II, 759. Bois. Spec. Gen. 520. Humphreys’ Brit. But. pi. 5. Sab. — Canada to Virginia. 5. Yreka, Reakirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866. Sab . — California. 6. Venosa, Scudder, Proc. Bost. Soc.. Nat. Hist. 1861. ■ Nasturtii, Bois. Lep. de la Cal. 1869. Sab. — California. synopsis op north American butterflies. 5 7. Marginalis, Scudder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861. Hab. — California; Gulf of Georgia. 8. Pallida, Scudder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861. lberidis, Bois. Lep. de la Cal. 1869. Hab. — Gulf of Georgia. 9. Protodice, Bois. & Lee. pi. 17. Bois. Spec. Gen. 543. Scudder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861. Hab. — Southern, Middle and Western States; Colorado; California. 10. Occidentalis, Beakirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866. Hab. — Colorado; California. 11. Sisymbri, Boisduval, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1852. Hab. — California. 12. Vernalis, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1864; Butterflies of North Amer- ica, Plate II of Pieris. Hab. — New Jersey; West Virginia; Missouri; Colorado. 13. Beckerii, Edwards, Butterflies of North America, Plate I of Pieris. Hab. — Nevada. 14. Monuste, Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulric. p. 237. Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 470. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 141. Bois. Spec. Gen. I, p. 495. Cleomes, Bois. & Lee. p. 43, pi. 16. Orseis, Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 141. Hab. — Southern States. NATHALIS, Boisduvah 1. Iole, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. I, p. 589. Var. Irene, Fitch, 3rd New York Report, p. 167. Hab. — Missouri to Texas; Colorado. ANTHOCARIS, Boisduval 1. Genutia, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Ill, 1, 193. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 168, Bois. Spec. Gen. 1. 565. $ Hherminerii, Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 168. Hab. — New York to Virginia; Western States; Texas. 2. CREtrsi Doubleday, Gen. Diur. Lep. pi. 7. Hab. — Rocky Mountains, 6 SYNOPSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. 3. Ausonides, Boisduval. ( in description of A. Sara.) Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1852. Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1863. Hob. — California ; Colorado. 4. Lanceolata, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852. Edwardsii, Behr, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1869. Hob. — California. 5. Sara, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852. Edwards, Butterflies of North America, Plate II of Anthocaris. Hah. — California. 6. Cooperii, Behr, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1869. Edwards, Butterflies of North America, Plate I of Anthocaris. Angelina, Bois. Lep. de la Cal. 1869. Hab. — San Diego, California. CALLIDRYAS, Boisd. 1. Argante, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 470; Ent. Syst. Ill, 1, 189. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 92. Bois. Spec. Gen. I, 622. $. Hersilia, Cramer, pi. 173. ?. Cypris, Cramer, pi. 99. ?. Onidia, Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 93. Hab. — Texas; Florida. 2. Cypris, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Ill, 1, 212. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 91. Bois. Spec. Gen. I, p. 623. Hab. — New Mexico. 3. Eubule, Linn. Syst. Nat. II, p. 764. Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 477; Ent. Syst. Ill, 1, 209. Cramer, pi. 120. Abbot, Ins. Geo. pi. 5. Bois. Spec. Gen. I, p. 613. Bois. & Lee. p. 74. Var. $. Sennce, Linn, Syst. Nat. II, p. 764. Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 477. Hab. — Southern States; Illinois; Ohio; WestVa.; Long Island. 4. Marcellina, Cramer, pi. 163. Fabr. Sp. Ins. II, p. 49; Ent. Syst, III, 1,209. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 92. Bois. Spec. Gen. I, p. 615. Bois. & Lee. p. 74, pi. 24. Hab. — Southern States. GONEPTERYX, Leach. 1. Clorinde, Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 813. Rhodocera clorinde, Bois. Spec. Gen. I, 599. Doubl. Gen. Diur. Lep. p. 71. Hab. — New Mexico. SYNOPSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. 7 2. M/rrula, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 479 ; Ent. Syst, III. 1. 212. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 89. Bois. & Lee. p. 71, pi. 23. Bois. Spec. Gen. I. p. 600. Ecclipsis, Cramer, pi. 129. Hab. — Florida ; Texas ; New Mexico. 3. Lyside, Godart, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 98. Rhod. Lyside, Bois. Spec. Gen. I. p. 603. Hab. — Texas ; New Mexico. COLIAS, Fabricius. 1. Eurydice, Boisdnval, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1852, p. 32. Edwards, Butterflies of North America, pi. Y of Colias. Wosnesenski, Menetries, Cat. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg. 1855 $. Rhodocera Lorquinii, Bois. Ann. Ent Soc. Fr. 1852. Hab. — California ; Oregon. 2. Gesonia, Stoll. Suppl. Cramer, pi. 41. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 98. Bois. & Lee. p. 67, pi. 22. Bois. Spec. Gen. I. p. 635. Hab. — Southern and Western States. 3. Eurytheme, Bois. Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1852. Edwards, Butterflies of North America, pi. Ill of Colias. Yar. Amphidusa, Bois. Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1852. Edusa, yar. Calif ornica, Menetries, Cat. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, 1855. Hab. — Southern, Western and Pacific States. 4. Keewaydin, Edwards, Butterflies of North America, pi. IV of Colias. Hab. — Southern, Western and Pacific States; occasional in Middle States and Canada. 5. Christina, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1863; Butterflies of North America, pi. II of Colias. Hab. — Great Slave Lake. 6. Ariadne, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1870. Hab. — Oregon. 7. Hecla, Lefebvre, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1836, p. 383. Hab. — Disco Island ; Greenland. 8 SYNOPSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. 8. Boothii, Curtis, Appendix Ross’ Arctic Explorations, Nat. Hist. pi. A p. 65. Var. Chione, Curtis. Ross’ Arc. Exp. p. 66. Hab. — Boreal America. 9. Occidentalis, Scudder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1862. Hab. — Gulf of Georgia ; M’Kenzies River. 10. Alexandra, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1868 ; Butterflies of North Am- erica, pi. I of Colias. Hab. — Colorado ; Rocky Mountains. 11. Emilia, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1870. Hab. — California. 12. Edwardsii, Behr, Butterflies of North America, pi. VI of Colias. Hab. — California. 13. Philodice, Godart, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 100. Bois. & Lee. p. 64, pi. 21. Bois. Spec. Gen. I. p. 647. Var. Anthyale , Hubner, Zutr. p. 307. Hab. — Atlantic States ; Missisippi Valley ; Canada. 14. Interior, Scudder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1862. Hab. — Hudson’s Bay ; Lake Superior. 15. Chippewa, Edwards. Helena (pre-occupied) Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1863. Butterflies of North America, pi. I of Colias. Hab. — Great Slave Lake. 16. Scudderii, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1867. Hab. — Colorado. 17. Nastes, Bois. Icon. pi. 8. Godart, Hupon. Suppl. pi. 15. Hab . — Labrador. 18. Pala:no, Linn. Syst. Nat. II, p. 764. Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 476; Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 207. Esper, Eur. Schmett. pi. 42. Bois. Spec. Gen. I, p. 645. Hab. — Labrador. SYNOPSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. 9 19 Pelidne, Boisduval, leones, pi. 8, 1832. Bois. & Lee. p. 66, pi. 21. Labrador ends, Scudder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1862. Hah. — Labrador. 20. Behrii, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1866 ; Butterflies of North America, pi. II of Colias. Hob. — California’: Yo Semite Mountains. TERIAS, Swainson. 1. Nicippe, Cramer, III. pi. 210. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. p. 208. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 103. Say, Am. Ent. II. p. 70, pi. 30. Bois. & Lee. p. 55, pi. 20. Bois. Spec. Gen. I. p. 653. Hob. — Pennsylvania to Gulf of Mexico; Mississippi Valley. 2. Proterpia, Fabricius, Sp. Ins. II. p. 50; Syst. Ent. p. 478. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 91. Bois. Spec. Gen. I. p. 654. Hab. — Texas ; New Mexico. 3. Mexicana, Boisduval, Spec. Gen. I. p. 655, pi. 3. Hab. — Texas ; New Mexico. 1. Midea, Menetries, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Imp. Mosc. III. pi. II. Bois. Spec. Gen. I. p. 659. Hab. — California (according to Menetries). 5. Lisa, Boisduval, Bois. & Lee. p. 53, pi. 19. Bois. Spec. Gen. I. p. 661. Pieris smilax, Godart, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 136. Hab. — Rhode Island to Gulf of Mexico ; Western States. 6-. Delia, Cramer. Ins. IV. pi. 273. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 137. Bois. & Lee. p. 49, pi. 18. Bois. Spec. Gen. I. p. 663. Hab. — Florida to Louisiana. 7. Jucunda, Boisduval, Bois. & Lee. p. 52, pi. 19. Bois. Spec. Gen. I. p. 665, Hab. — Southern States. 8. Elathea, Cramer, Ins. II. pi. 99. Fabr. Sp. Ins. II. p, 44 ; Ent. Syst. III. p. 196. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 136. Bois. Spec. Gen. I. p. 664. Hab. — Florida. 10 SYNOPSIS OF NOETH AMEEICAN BUTTEEFLIES. 9. Palmiea, Poey, Mem. Nat. Hist, de la Isla de Cuba, I, p. 249. Hab. — St. Simon’s Island, Georgia. HELICONIDA ITHOMIA, Doubleday. 1. Diaphana, Drury, II, pi. 7. Cramer, III, pi. 231. Hab. — Florida; Louisiana. CALLITHOMIA, Bates. 1. Lycaste, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 161. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 221. Bea- kirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1865. Hab. — Los Angelos, California. MECHANITIS, Fabricius. 1. Califoenica, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1865. Hab. — Los Angelos, California. HELICONIA, Latreille. 1. Chaeitonia, Linn. Syst. Nat. II, p. 757. Cramer, II, pi. 191. Fabr. Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 170. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 210. Bois. & Lee. p. 140, pi. 41. Hab. — Florida; St. Simon’s Island, Georgia. COLiENIS, Hubner. 1. Julia, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 509. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 2. Alcionea, Cramer, III, pi. 215. Hab. — Texas. DAN AIDA DANAIS, Latreille. 1. Aechippus, Cramer, III, pi. 206. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 184. Bois. & Lee. p. 137, pi. 40. Missippus, Fabr. Mant. Ins. II, p. 27 ; Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 50. Nec Archippus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 50. Hab. — From Atlantic to Pacific. SYNOPSIS OP NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. u 2. Berenice, Cramer, III, pi. 205. Bois. & Lee. p. 134, pi. 39. Erippus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. I, p. 49. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 186. Gilippus, Abbot, Ins. Geo. I, pi. 7. Hab. — Southern States; New Mexico ; Colorado. 3. Strigosa, Bates, Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, I, p. 32, 1864. Hab. — Texas. AGERONIM. AGERONIA, I lii brier. 1. Feronia, Linn. Mus. Uhl. p. 283; Syst. Nat. p. 770. Drury, I, pi. 10. Cramer, II, p. 192. Fabr. Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 226. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 428. Hab. — Texas. 2. Fornax, Hiibn. Samml. Exot. Schmett. Doubl. & Hewit. Gen. Diur. Lep. pi. 10. Hab. — Texas. NYMPHALIM. AGRAULIS, Blanchard. 1. Vanilla, Linn. Syst. Nat. II, p. 787. Cramer, III, p. 212. Fabr. Mant. Ins. II, p. 64. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 262. Bois. & Lee. p. 143, pi. 42. Passiflorce, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 60. Hab. — Southern States. EUPTOIETA, Doubleday. 1. Claudia, Cramer, I, pi. 69. Columbina, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 148. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 260. Bois. & Lee. p. 153, pi. 44. Hab. — Long Island to Gulf of Mexico; Mississippi Valley; New Mexico. ARGYNNIS, Fabricius. 1. Diana, $ Cramer, pi. 98. $ Fab. Sp. Ins. p. 110; Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 145. $ Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 257. $ Say, Am. Ent. I, pi. 17. $ Bois. <& Lee. p. 148. $ Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1864; $ ? Butterflies of North America, pi. I of Argynnis. Hab. — West Virginia to Georgia; Arkansas. 12 SYNOPSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. 2. Idalia, Drury, Exot. Ins. pi. 13. Cramer, pi. 44. Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 516 ; Ent. Syst. III. p. 145. Goclart, Enc. Meth, IX. p. 263. Bois. and Lee. p. 147, pi. 43. Harris, Ins. Mass. p. 285, 1862. Hab. — Massachusetts to Arkansas. 3. Leto, Belir, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862. Edwards, Butterflies of North America, pi. X of Argynnis. fCybele, Bois. Lep. de la Cal. 1869. Hab. — California ; Oregon. 4. Nokomis, $ Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1862 ; $ Butterflies of North America, pi. IV of Argynnis. Hab. — Bitter Root Mountains, Montana. 5. Cybele, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 516 ; Ent. Syst. III. p. 445. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 263. Bois. and Lee. p. 151, pi. 45. Edwards, Butterflies of North America, pi. II of Argynnis. ? Daphne, Cramer, pi. 57. Hab. — Atlantic and Western States; Canada. 6. Aphrodite, Fabr. Mant. Ins. 2, p. 62; Ent. Syst. III. p. 144. Harris, Ins. Mass. p. 285, 1862. Edwards, Butterflies of North America, pi. Ill of Argynnis. Hab. — Northern and Middle States ; West Virginia; Canada. 7. Behrensii, Edwards, Butterflies of North America, pi. XII of Argynnis. Hab. — Cape Mendocino, California. 8. H alcyone, $ Edwards, Butterflies of North America, pi. IX of Argynnis. Hab. — Colorado. 9. Coronis, Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862. Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1864. Juba, Bois. Lep. de la Cal. 1869. Hab. — California. 10. Callippe, Bois. Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1852. Behr. Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862. Edwards, Butterflies of North America, pi. VI of Ar- gynnis. Hab. — California. SYNOPSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. 13 11. Edwardsii, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1869. Edwards, Butterflies of North America, pi. XI of Argynnis. Hab. — Colorado ; Rocky Mountains. 12. Nevadensis, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870 ; Butterflies of North Am- erica. pi. XIY of Argynnis. Hab. — Nevada. 13. Atlantis, Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1862 ; Butterflies of North America, pi. Y of Argynnis. Hab. — Catskill Mountains ; White Mountains ; Nova Scotia ; British America. 14. Rupestris, Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862, 1863. Hab. — Sierra Nevada, California. 15. Montivaga, Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862, 1863. Egleis, Bois. Lep. de la Cal. 1869 Hab. — California. 16. Astarte, Doubleday, Gen. Diur. Lep. pi. 23 ; Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1862. Hab. — California. 17. Zerene, Bois. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 1852. Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862, 1863. Edwards, Butterflies of North America, pi. XIII of Argynnis. Hydaspes, Bois. Lep. de la Cal. 1869. Hab. — California. 18. Monticola, Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862, 1863. Edwards, Butter- flies of North America, pi. YIII of Argynnis. Zerene, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 1852. Hab. — California ; Oregon. 19. Hesperis, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1864; Butterflies of North America, pi. YII of Argynnis. Hab. — Colorado. 20. Adiante, Bois. Lep. de la Cal. 1869. Behr (without name), Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862. Hab . — California. 14 SYNOPSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. 21. Myrina, Cramer, pi. 189. Fabr. Sp. Ins. p. 109 ; Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 145. Say, Am. Ent. pi. 46. Kirby, Fauna Bor. IV. p. 290. Harris, Ins. Mass. p. 286, 1862. Myrissa , Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 268. Hab. — Northern States; Canada; California. 22. Montinus, Scudder, Proc. Essex Ins. 1863 ; Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1863. Hab. — White Mountains. 23. Morrisii, Reakirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866. Hab. — Oregon. 24. Triclaris, Hubner, Exot. Schmett. Moschler, Wein Ent. Monat. 1866. Ossianus, Bois. leones pi. 19. Bois. & Lee. p. 157. Hab. — Labrador; Fort Simpson; Boreal America. 25. Frigga, Thunberg, Dissert. II. p. 47. Moschler, Wein. Ent. Monat. 1866. Hab. — Labrador. 26. Polaris, Boisduyal, leones pi. 20. Bois. & Lee. p. 159. Moschler, Wein. Ent. Monat. 1866. Hab. — Labrador. 27. Freya. Esper. Eur. Schmett pi. 109. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 273. Bois. leones, pi. 19. Kirby, Fauna Bor. p. 391. Moschler, Wein. Ent. Monat. 1866. Hab. — Labrador. 28. Chariclea, Herbst. pi. 272. Bois. & Lee. p. 161. Bois. Spec. Gen. p. 11. Hab. — Labrador ; Hudsons Bay. 29. Boisduvalii, Sommer, Bois. leones pi. 20. Hab. — Labrador; Hudsons Bay; Boreal America. 30. Nenoquis, Reakirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866. Mormonia, Boisduyal, Lep. de la Cal. 1869. Hab. — Rocky Mountains ; Oregon. 31. Bellona, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 517. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 271. Bois. & Lee. p. 164, pi. 45. Harris, Ins. Mass. p. 287, 1862. Hab. — Northern States ; Canada ; California. SYNOPSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. 15 32. Epithore, Bois., Edwards, Proa Ent. Soc. Phil. 1864. Cal. 1869. Hab. — California. Bois. Lep. de la 33. Bischoffii, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870. Hab. — Aliaska. MELITiEA, Fabricius. Group I. 1. Phaeton, Drury, Exot. Ins, I. pi. 21. Cramer, pi. 183. Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 481. Ent. Syst. Ill, p. 46. Bois. & Lee. p. 166, pi. 47. Har- ris, Ins. Mass. p. 288, 1862. Phaetontea, Godart, Enc. Metb. IX. p. 288. Hab. — Eastern and Middle States; West Virginia. 2. Chalcedon, Doubleday, Gen. Diur. Lep. pi. 23. Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1862. Butterflies of North America, pi. I of Melitgea. Hab. — California ; Oregon ; Colorado (Reakirt). 3. Cooperii, Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1863. Hab . — California. 4. Anicia, Doubleday, Gen. Diur. Lep. pi. 23. Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1862. Bois. Lep. de la Cal. 1869. Hab. — Rocky Mountains ; Nevada ; California. 5. Edith a, Boisduval, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. 1852. Anicia, Boisduval, Lep. de la Cal. 1869. Hab. — Vicinity of San Francisco. 6. Sterope, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870. Hab. — Oregon. 7. Helvia, Scudder, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1869. Hab. — Aliaska. 8. Quino, Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1863. Hab. — Southern California. 9. Nubigena, Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad, Nat. Sci. 1863. Hab. — Tuolumne River, California. 16 SYNOPSIS . OF NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. Group II. 10. Leanira, Felder. Lep. Frag. Wein. 1859. Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1863. Bois. Lep. de la Cal. 1869. Hob. — Yo Semite, Contra Costa, California. 11. Thekla, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870. Hab. — Southern California. 12. Theona, Menetries, Enum. Corp. Anim. Acad. St. Petersburg, 1, p. 86, pi. 2. Hab. — Southern California. Group III. 13. Palla, Bois. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852. Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1863. Hab. — Vicinity of San Francisco. 14. Whitneyii, Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1863. Hab. — Tuolumne River, Lake Tahoe, California. 15. Gabbii, Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1863. Sonorce, Bois. Lep. de la Cal. 1869. Hab. — Los Angelos, California. 16. Hoffmanni, Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1863. Helcita, Bois. Lep. de la Cal. 1869. Hab. — Lake Tehoe, California ; Nevada. Group IV. 17. Minuta, Edwards, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1861. Hab. — Texas. 18. Arachne, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1869. Pola, Bois. Lep. de la Cal. 1869. Hab. — Colorado. PHYCIODES, Hubner. 1. Harrisii, Scudder. Proc. Essex. Ins. 1863. Ismeria> Harris, Ins. Mass. p. 288, 1862. flsmeria, Bois. & Lee. p. 168, pi. 46. Hab. — Eastern and Middle States ; Miss. Valley. 2. Nycteis, Doubleday, Gen. Di. Lep. pi. 23. (Enone, Scudder, Proc. Essex. Ins. 1863. Hab. — Eastern and Middle States ; Missouri ; Colorado. SYNOPSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. 17 3. Carlota, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Sbc. Phil. 1867. Nycteis, Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliil. 1861. Hab. — West Virginia to Missouri; Colorado. 4. Packardii, Saunders, Packard’s Guide, p. 256, 1869. Hab. — Grimsby, Canada. 5. Tharos, Bois. & Lee. p. 170, pi. 47. (Not of Cramer, nor of Drury, vide Edw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1868.) Harris, Ins. Mass. p. 289, 1862. Hab. — Northern. Middle, Eastern States; Miss. Valley; Colorado. 6. Phaon, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1864. f Tharos, Drury and Cramer. Hab. — Georgia to Louisiana. 7. Marcia, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1868. f Tharos, Drury and Cramer. Hab. — Middle and Eastern States. 8. Batesii, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1865. Hab. — Virginia; West Virginia. 9. Montana, Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1863. Hab. — Lake Tehoe, California. 10. Mata, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1867. Hab. — Colorado. 11. Pallida, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1864 Hab. — Kansas; Texas. 12. Texana, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1863. Hab. — Texas; 13. Picta, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1864. Hab. — Nebraska ; Colorado. 14. Mylitta, Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1861. Collinsia, Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1863. Cottina, Bois. Lep. de la Cal. 1869. Hab. — California. 18 SYNOPSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. 15. Pratensis, Belir, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1868. JEpula, Bois., Lep. de la Cal. 1869. ?, Campestris, Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1863. Sab. — California. 16. Orsa, Boisduval, Lep. de la Cal. 1869. Sab. — California. 17. Vesta, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1869. Sab. — Waco, Texas. EBESIA, Doubleday. 1. Cincta, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1864. Sab. — Texas. 2. Punctata, Edwards, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1870. Sab. — New Mexico. SYNCHLOE, Boisduval. 1. Janais, Drury, Ins. Ill, pi. 17. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 392. Sab. — Texas. 2. Saundersii, Doubleday, Gen. Diur. Lep. pi. 24. Sab. — Texas. 3. Erodyle, Bates, Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, I. p. 84, 1864. Sab. — Texas. 4. Lacinia, Hubner, Zutrage, f. 899. Sab. — Waco, Texas. CYSTINEUKA, Boisduval. Dorcas, Fabr., Syst. Ent. p. 508, (1775). Mardania, Cramer, pi. 213, (1782). Doubleday, Gen. Diur. Lep. pi. 31. Sersilia, Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. p. 247, (1793). Sab. — Waco, Texas. SYNOPSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. 19 GRAPTA, Doubleday. 1. Interrogations, Fabricius. Yar. Umbrosa, Lintner, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 313; 1870, p. 197. Edwards, Butterflies of North America, Plate IY of Grapta. Interrogationis, Fabr. ?, Suppl. p. 424. Godart, Enc. Meth. IX, p. 302. Harris, Ins. Mass. Ed. 1852, p. 298, (text, not plate.) C aureum, Cramer, $, pi. 19. Fabr. '